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PARIS CITY INFORMATION
Location : ΠΑΡΙΣΙ
Το Παρίσι, γνωστό και ως η Πόλη του Φωτός (Ville lumière), από τότε που φωτίστηκαν οι κύριες λεωφόροι του με φανούς γκαζιού το 1828, είναι η πρωτεύουσα της Γαλλίας και της περιφέρειας Île-de-France και μία από τις ιστορικότερες πόλεις της Ευρώπης. Το Παρίσι περιλαμβάνει την πόλη του Παρισιού και τα περίχωρα και βρίσκεται σε ένα λεκανοπέδιο. Ο συνολικός πληθυσμός της μητροπολιτικής περιοχής ξεπερνά τα 13.000.000 [εκκρεμεί παραπομπή] και είναι έτσι μία από τις μεγαλύτερες πόλεις της Ευρώπης και του κόσμου. Επιπλέον είναι η πολιτιστική και οικονομική πρωτεύουσα της Γαλλίας, το σημαντικότερο κομβικό σημείο της και έδρα πολλών διεθνών οργανισμών, όπως της ΟΥΝΕΣΚΟ.
Γεωγραφική θέση
Το Παρίσι είναι κτισμένο στο κέντρο του λεκανοπεδίου του Παρισιού, κατά μέσο όρο 65 μέτρα πάνω από τη στάθμη της θάλασσας. Η πόλη του Παρισιού περιβάλλεται από μεγάλα δάση, τα οποία προσφέρουν ανάσα δροσιάς και ανάπαυσης στους Παριζιάνους.
Η έκταση της πόλης φτάνει τα 105,4 τετραγωνικά χιλιόμετρα, ενώ ολόκληρη η μητροπολιτική περιοχή ξεπερνά τα 14.518 τετραγωνικά χιλιόμετρα.
Σηκουάνας
Ο Σηκουάνας ποταμός (γαλλ. la Seine) συνδέει το Παρίσι με το εσωτερικό της Γαλλίας, και πιο συγκεκριμένα με την Βουργουνδία και με την Μάγχη. Έπαιξε σπουδαίο ρόλο στην ανάπτυξη και εξέλιξη της πόλης. Χωρίζει το Παρίσι σε δύο άνισες όχθες, στην δεξιά όχθη (rive droite), όπου κυριαρχούν οι επιχειρήσεις και τα χρηματιστήρια, και την νότια, την αριστερή όχθη (rive gauche), όπου είναι ο παραδοσιακός τόπος διαμονής διανοουμένων και καλλιτεχνών.
Νησιά
Το Ιλ ντε λα Σιτέ (Île de la Cité) είναι ένα μικρό νησάκι στον Σηκουάνα, στην καρδιά του Παρισιού. Κατοικήθηκε για πρώτη φορά στην αρχαιότητα και είναι, έτσι, το αρχαιότερο σημείο του Παρισιού.
Πληθυσμός
Ο πληθυσμός της πόλης ανέρχεται στα 2.153.600 κατοίκους, ενώ μαζί με τα περίχωρα και τις γύρω κοινότητες, τη μητροπολιτική περιοχή δηλαδή, αγγίζει τα 13.200.000 κατοίκους περίπου [εκκρεμεί παραπομπή], που την καθιστούν ως μια από τις μεγαλύτερες πληθυσμιακά πόλεις στην Ευρώπη. Η παγκόσμια κατάταξη το φέρνει στην 23η θέση
Αρχαιότητα
Η πόλη του Παρισιού εξελίχθηκε από έναν κέλτικο οικισμό, στα μέσα του 3ου αιώνα προ Χριστού πάνω στο νησί που βρίσκεται το σημερινό κέντρο της μεγαλούπολης, στον ποταμό Σηκουάνα. Το 52 π.Χ ο οικισμός κατακτήθηκε από τους Ρωμαίους. Τότε το Παρίσι ονομαζόταν 'Lutetia'. Κατά την περίοδο της Ρωμαϊκής αυτοκρατορίας ο οικισμός μεγάλωσε σημαντικά και επεκτάθηκε και στην αριστερή όχθη του ποταμού Σηκουάνα. Εκεί δημιουργήθηκαν ένα αμφιθέατρο, λουτρά και ένας χώρος συγκέντρωσης (Forum). Τον 3ο αιώνα μ.Χ έφεραν μερικοί ιεραπόστολοι τον χριστιανισμό για πρώτη φορά στο Παρίσι. Ο άγιος Διόνυσος του Παρισιού έγινε, το 250 μ.Χ, ο πρώτος επίσκοπος του Παρισιού. Αργότερα, όμως, κατά την διάρκεια των διωγμών του αυτοκράτορα Δέκιου, αποκεφαλίστηκε στον λόφο της Μονμάρτρης. Στο μέρος όπου ετάφη ιδρύθηκε, τον 7ο αιώνα, η Βασιλική του Αγίου Διονυσίου (Saint Denis), η οποία χρησίμευε από τότε ως χώρος ταφής των Γάλλων βασιλέων. Το 360 η πόλη μετονομάστηκε οριστικά σε Παρίσι. Το 486 η ρωμαϊκή κυριαρχία έλαβε τέλος στο Παρίσι και στη Βόρεια Γαλλία, καθώς τα στρατεύματα των Μεροβινγκίων κατέλαβαν την πόλη. Ο βασιλιάς Χλωδοβίκος (Chlodwig) έγινε, το 486, ο πρώτος βασιλιάς της Γαλλίας.
Μεσαίωνας
Το 508 το Παρίσι έγινε πρωτεύουσα του κράτους των Φράγκων. Το 586 μια μεγάλη πυρκαγιά κατέστρεψε την πόλη ολοσχερώς. Ο πολύ σκληρός χειμώνας 763/764 - ο ποταμός Σηκουάνας πάγωσε ως τον πυθμένα - ήταν η αιτία του λιμού στο Παρίσι, ενώ πολλοί άνθρωποι πέθαναν από το κρύο. Η πόλη έχασε την σημασία της και, το 794, ο Κάρολος ο Μέγας έκανε το Άαχεν πρωτεύουσα της αυτοκρατορίας. Τον 9ο αιώνα το Παρίσι δέχτηκε αλλεπάλληλες επιθέσεις των Βίκινγκς. Παρ' όλες τις πολύμηνες επιθέσεις των Βίκινγκς, και μετά από σκληρές μάχες και πολλά θύματα, και, αφού μεγάλο μέρος της πόλης είχε καεί, οι Βίκινγκς δεν ξαναεπιτέθηκαν στο Παρίσι. Το 987 ο Ούγος των Καπέτων (Hugo Capet) έγινε βασιλιάς, έκανε το Παρίσι πρωτεύουσα της Γαλλίας και ίδρυσε την δυναστεία των Καπέτων που διήρκεσε μέχρι το 1328. Το 1163 άρχισε η οικοδόμηση της Παναγίας των Παρισίων και γύρω από την πόλη χτίστηκαν προστατευτικά τείχη. Το 1181 έγινε η πρώτη δημόσια αγορά. Κατά την διάρκεια του 13ου αιώνα υπήρξαν πολλές φυσικές καταστροφές στο Παρίσι, όπως παγωνιές και πλημμύρες. Το 1210 άρχισε να χτίζεται και το Λούβρο. Κατά την διάρκεια του Μεσαίωνα το Παρίσι ήταν χωρισμένο στη δεξιά όχθη, όπου κυριαρχούσε η πολιτική, η οικονομία και η θρησκεία, και στην αριστερή όχθη (rive gauche), όπου κυριαρχούσε το προπύργιο των διανοούμενων. Εκεί ιδρύθηκε, το 1257, το Πανεπιστήμιο της Σορβόνης.
Μεταρρύθμιση
Στις αρχές του 16ου αιώνα πέθαναν πολλοί κάτοικοι της πόλης από χολέρα και άλλες μολυσματικές ασθένειες. Κάτω από την βασιλεία του Φραγκίσκου Α΄ (1494-1547) αναπτύχθηκε η τέχνη και ο πολιτισμός. Αγόρασε πολλά έργα τέχνης του Τιτσιάνο, του Μιχαήλ Άγγελου και του Ραφαήλ, θέτοντας τις βάσεις για την βασιλική συλλογή πινάκων ζωγραφικής. Επίσης προεξέτεινε το κάστρο Φονταινεμπλό, ίδρυσε το "Γαλλικό Κολλέγιο", το οποίο υπάρχει μέχρι σήμερα, και εκεί διδάσκονταν Ελληνικά, Λατινικά και Εβραϊκά.
Κατά την διάρκεια των πολέμων των Ουγενότων από το 1562 μέχρι το 1598 το Παρίσι έμεινε σε καθολική ιδιοκτησία. Κατά την νύχτα του Αγίου Βαρθολομαίου, 24 Αυγούστου 1572, δολοφονήθηκαν 3000 με 10000 Ουγενότοι στο Παρίσι. Το 1598 με το Έδικτο της Νάντης οι πόλεμοι των Ουγενότων τερματίσθηκαν.
Υπό τον Λουδοβίκο ΙΓ΄ η οικονομία της πόλης άρχισε να βελτιώνεται. Ίδρυσε τρία τμήματα του Παρισιού, τα οποία υπάρχουν ως σήμερα. Το ανάκτορο του Λουξεμβούργου (Palais de Luxembοurg) και το Βασιλικό Ανάκτορο (Palais Royal) χτίστηκαν εκείνη την περίοδο. Το βασιλικό τυπογραφείο (1620), ο Βοτανικός Κήπος (1626) και η Γαλλική Ακαδημία (1635) ενδυνάμωσαν την πολιτιστική σημασία της πρωτεύουσας.
Σύγχρονο Παρίσι
Πανόραμα του Παρισιού. Αριστερά ο πύργος του Άιφελ, δεξιά η Βασιλική της Ιερής Καρδιάς
Κατά την διάρκεια του 19ου και 20ου αιώνα, το Παρίσι δέχεται συχνά την Παγκόσμια Έκθεση, που σημαδεύει έντονα την πρωτεύουσα. Ο Πύργος του Άιφελ εγκαινιάστηκε για την Έκθεση του 1889 (εκατό χρόνια της Γαλλικής Επανάστασης), το μετρό γι' αυτή του 1900.
Ο γερμανικός στρατός κατέλαβε το Παρίσι κατά την διάρκεια του Β΄ Παγκοσμίου Πολέμου από το 1940 έως το 1944. Στις 25 Αυγούστου 1944 η άφιξη του δεύτερου τάγματος τεθωρακισμένων του στρατηγού Λεκλέρκ (Leclerc) σήμανε και το τέλος της κατάληψης της πρωτεύουσας, χωρίς να σημειωθούν παραπάνω ζημιές, καθώς ο στρατηγός Ντίτριχ φον Χόλτιτς (Dietrich von Choltitz), Στρατιωτικός Διοικητής της πόλης, δεν υπάκουσε στις διαταγές του Χίτλερ, που απαιτούσε την καταστροφή του Παρισιού[2].
Το Παρίσι οργάνωσε τους Ολυμπιακούς Αγώνες του 1900 και του 1924. Ήταν, επίσης, υποψήφια πόλη το 1992, το 2008 και για τους Αγώνες του 2012, που κερδήθηκαν τελικά από τις πόλεις της Βαρκελώνης, του Πεκίνου και του Λονδίνου αντίστοιχα.
Πολιτισμός και αξιοθέατα
Η γαλλική πρωτεύουσα έχει μεγάλο αριθμό ιστορικών και θρησκευτικών κτηρίων, μουσείων, πάρκων και θεάτρων. Στο Παρίσι βρίσκονται περίπου 160 μουσεία, 200 μόνιμες εκθέσεις τέχνης (galeries), 100 θέατρα, 600 κινηματογράφοι και πάνω από 10.000 εστιατόρια. Η προσφορά σε πολιτιστικές εκδηλώσεις περιλαμβάνει κονσέρτα, εκθέσεις, φεστιβάλ μουσικής και κινηματογράφου, επιδείξεις μόδας αλλά και αθλητικές εκδηλώσεις. Το παλάτι Φοντενεμπλώ (Fontainebleau) μπήκε, το 1979, στον κατάλογο της UNESCO ως πολιτιστικό μνημείο παγκόσμιας κληρονομιάς και το ίδιο συνέβη με το παλάτι των Βερσαλλιών το 1981 και την όχθη του ποταμού Σηκουάνα το 1991.
Θέατρο
Τα μεγαλύτερα θέατρα της χώρας βρίσκονται στο Παρίσι. Το Γαλλικό Θέατρο (Theatre français) είναι το εθνικό θέατρο με κλασσικό περιεχόμενο κυρίως. Ιδρύθηκε το 1680 και εκεί παίζονται κατεξοχήν τα έργα του Μολιέρου. To Μουλέν Ρουζ (Moulin Rouge) χτίστηκε το 1889. Το όνομα του θεάτρου αυτού σημαίνει "Κόκκινος Μύλος", που είναι και το σήμα κατατεθέν του. Υπάρχει, επίσης, και η Όπερα του Παρισιού, η οποία ιδρύθηκε το 1875, καθώς και το θέατρο των Ηλυσίων Πεδίων.
Μουσεία
Το μουσείο του Λούβρου
Το Παρίσι βρίθει μουσείων και εκθεσιακών χώρων που καλύπτουν πληθώρα θεμάτων και ιστορικών περιόδων. Επιχειρώντας μία αναφορά στα πιο σημαντικά:
* Το παγκοσμίως γνωστό μουσείο του Λούβρου, το οποίο άνοιξε τις πύλες του το 1793, περιλαμβάνει πάνω από 30.000 εκθέματα, από την αρχαιότητα μέχρι τον 19ο αιώνα. Πριν γίνει μουσείο ήταν βασιλική κατοικία και σήμερα είναι το μεγαλύτερο μουσείο του κόσμου. Βρίσκεται ακριβώς στο κέντρο του Παρισιού.
* Το Μουσείο Ορσέ (Musée d'Orsay), παλαιός σιδηροδρομικός σταθμός που ανακατασκευάστηκε το 1986 για να στεγάσει αντικείμενα γαλλικής τέχνης της χρονικής περιόδου 1848 - 1914, φιλοξενεί μία πλούσια συλλογή ιμπρεσιονιστικών έργων, καθώς και εξαιρετικά ενδιαφέρουσες προσωρινές εκθέσεις.
* Το κέντρο Ζορζ Πομπιντού (Georges Pompidou) ή Μπωμπούρ (Beaubourg) ή Εθνικό κέντρο Τέχνης και Πολιτισμού, γνωστό για τη νεωτεριστική αρχιτεκτονική του, κτίσθηκε το 1977 και στεγάζει σύγχρονα έργα τέχνης.
* Το Γκραν Παλέ (Grand Palais) πρωτοάνοιξε στην παγκόσμια Έκθεση το 1900. Μέσα στο μουσείο βρίσκονται κυρίως πίνακες ζωγραφικής. Δίπλα, αλλά ενσωματωμένο στο μουσείο, βρίσκεται ένα δεύτερο Μουσείο, αυτό της Φυσικής Ιστορίας.
* Το μουσείο του Πάμπλο Πικάσο είναι αφιερωμένο, όπως το λέει και ο τίτλος του, στον μεγάλο Ισπανό ζωγράφο. Εκτίθενται περίπου 250 έργα του Πικάσο, πίνακες αλλά και γλυπτά.
* Το πάρκο της Βιλέτ, στο οποίο βρίσκονται τα μουσεία της "πόλης της μουσικής" και της "Πόλης των επιστημών και βιομηχανίας" με την τεραστίων διαστάσεων κινηματογραφική αίθουσα Ζεόντ (οθόνη 1.000 μ²)
* Το μουσείο Ροντέν, με τον συμπαθέστατο κήπο, που φιλοξενεί έργα του διάσημου γλύπτη.
* Το Μουσείο Μοντέρνας Τέχνης της πόλης του Παρισιού, όπου φιλοξενούνται έργα των Πωλ Σεζάν, Πάμπλο Πικάσσο και άλλων σύγχρονων δημιουργών.
* Το Μουσείο της Όπερας, το Palais Garnier που κατασκευάστηκε από το Ναπολέοντα τον 3ο.
Δρόμοι και κτίρια
Η αψίδα του Θριάμβου
Η λεωφόρος των Ηλυσίων Πεδίων (Avenue des Champs-Élysées) είναι πιθανόν η πιο διάσημη λεωφόρος του κόσμου. Το πλάτος της φτάνει τα 71 μέτρα και το μήκος της τα 2 χιλιόμετρα, ξεκινά από την πλατεία Κονκόρντ (Place de la Concorde) και τερματίζει στην περιοχή Place Charles-de-Gaulle (Place de l’Étoile), όπου και η Αψίδα του Θριάμβου.
Ο Πύργος του Άιφελ είναι το ορόσημο της πόλης και η ψηλότερη κατασκευή της, με ύψος 324 μ. (μαζί με την κεραία) [4]. Οι εργασίες κατασκευής ξεκίνησαν το 1887 και ολοκληρώθηκαν το 1889. Στην αρχή είχε σχεδιαστεί για προσωρινή μόνο χρήση για την παγκόσμια έκθεση του 1889 αλλά ο τεράστιος και εκκεντρικός Πύργος εντυπωσίασε τόσο πολύ ώστε αποτελεί σήμερα σύμβολο τόσο του Παρισιού όσο και της Γαλλίας. Δέχεται πάνω από 6.000.000 επισκέπτες ετησίως, ενώ το 2002 συμπλήρωσε συνολικά 200.000.000 επισκέπτες από τότε που κατασκευάστηκε.
Η Αψίδα του Θριάμβου (Arc de Triomphe), με ύψος 50 μ. και μήκος 45 μ., κατασκευάσθηκε με εντολή του Ναπολέοντα. Οι εργασίες ξεκίνησαν το 1806 και η Αψίδα εγκαινιάστηκε το 1836 από τον βασιλιά της Γαλλίας Λουί Φιλίπ [5].
Η Σορβόννη είναι το αρχαιότερο πανεπιστήμιο βόρεια των Άλπεων. Ιδρύθηκε τον 13ο αιώνα.
Το Καφέ Λε Ντε Μαγκό αποτελεί επίσης γνωστό ορόσημο του Παρισιού.
Εκκλησίες
Η Παναγία των Παρισίων
Ο καθεδρικός ναός της Παναγίας των Παρισίων (Notre Dame de Paris) είναι ένας από τους αρχαιότερους καθεδρικούς ναούς της Ευρώπης. Άρχισε να κτίζεται το 1163 και ολοκληρώθηκε το 1345. Οι δύο πύργοι του έχουν ύψος 69 μέτρα καθένας, ενώ το μήκος όλης της εκκλησίας φτάνει τα 130 μέτρα και το πλάτος της τα 45 μέτρα. Συνολικά έχει χωρητικότητα 9.000 ατόμων.
Η εκκλησία του Αγίου Σουλπικίου (Saint Sulpice). Η σημερινή εκκλησία άρχισε να χτίζεται το 1649 και ολοκληρώθηκε τον 18ο αιώνα.
Η βασιλική της Ιερής Καρδιάς (Basilique de Sacré-Coeur) είναι ρωμαιοκαθολική εκκλησία στον λόφο της Μονμάρτρης, στο υψηλότερο σημείο της πόλης. Άρχισε να χτίζεται το 1876 και ολοκληρώθηκε το 1914.
Συγκοινωνία
Η πόλη διαθέτει πυκνό δίκτυο μετρό, το οποίο συνδέεται με προαστειακά δίκτυα (RER) και περιφερειακά δίκτυα (Urbaine). Διαθέτει, επίσης, σιδηροδρομική σύνδεση με όλες σχεδόν τις πόλεις της χώρας.
Περιβάλλεται από πυκνό δίκτυο αυτοκινητοδρόμων, οι οποίοι την συνδέουν με κάθε σημείο της επικράτειας. Διαθέτει, επίσης, δύο διεθνή αεροδρόμια, το παλαιότερο Ορλί (Paris Orly) [6], στα νότια της πόλης, και το νεότερο Σαρλ ντε Γκωλ (Paris Charles de Gaulle) στα βόρεια, το δεύτερο πιο πολυσύχναστο αεροδρόμιο της Ευρώπης [7]. Το παλαιότερο αεροδρόμιο του Μπουρζέ (Le Bourget) δεν χρησιμοποιείται πλέον από αεροπορικές εταιρείες.
Πράσινοι χώροι
Το Παρίσι, όπως και το Λονδίνο, είναι μια ευρωπαϊκή μεγαλούπολη με πολλούς πράσινους χώρους: πάρκα, κήποι, δάση στολίζουν την ατμόσφαιρα της γαλλικής πρωτεύουσας.
Οι μεγαλύτεροι χώροι πρασίνου είναι τα δάση Bois de Vincennes και Bois de Boulogne (Δάσος της Βουλώνης), οι οποίοι καλύπτουν μια έκταση περίπου 10 τετρ. χιλ. και 8,5 τετρ. χιλ. και βρίσκονται στο νοτιοανατολικό και δυτικό άκρο του Παρισιού αντιστοίχως. Και τα δυο δάση περιλαμβάνουν ιππόδρομο, νησάκια, λίμνες, κήπους και άλλους πόλους έλξης, για παράδειγμα το ζωολογικό κήπο του Βενσέν (Vincennes) ή το μουσείο επιστημών Exploradome στη Βουλώνη.
Πάρκο Monceau – Λίμνη στο Bois de Vincennes – Άποψη του πάρκου Buttes-Chaumont
Άλλοι σημαντικοί χώροι πρασίνου είναι οι φημισμένοι κήποι του Λουξεμβούργου (Jardins du Luxembourg), που περιλαμβάνουν και το Ανάκτορο του Λουξεμβούργου, ο κήπος Jardin des Plantes, με διάφορα μουσεία (Μουσείο Φυσικής Ιστορίας) και θερμοκήπια και με έναν από τους πιο παλιούς ζωολογικούς κήπους στον κόσμο (Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes, έτος έναρξης λειτουργίας το 1794 [8]), η περιοχή Tuileries, με το Ανάκτορο του Κεραμεικού, το πάρκο Buttes-Chaumont, το οποίο περιλαμβάνει, μεταξύ άλλων, μια μικρή σπηλιά, το πάρκο Parc de la Villette με το περίφημο Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie, τα πάρκα Monceau και Montsouris και πολλοί άλλοι χώροι πρασίνου.
Μονοπάτι στο δάσος της Meudon και άποψη πάρκου στο κοντινό προάστιο Maisons-Alfort.
Ωστόσο και εκτός του Δήμου του Παρισιού (Ville de Paris), στην ευρύτερη περιοχή της πόλης (région parisienne) συναντά κανείς αξιόλογους και μεγάλους χώρους πρασίνου: το δάσος της Μεντόν (forêt de Meudon), με έκταση 1.100 εκτάρια (11.000 στρέμματα) [9], απέχει περίπου 6 χλμ. νοτιοδυτικά του Παρισιού και στεγάζει άγρια πανίδα, όπως αλεπούδες και αγριογούρουνα. Σε αυτό υπάρχει, επίσης, και το Αστεροσκοπείο της Meudon, ένα από τα πιο σημαντικά αστρονομικά κέντρα
Από τη Βικιπαίδεια, την ελεύθερη εγκυκλοπαίδεια
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Paris ([paʁi] ( listen) in French, pronounced /ˈpærɪs/ in English) is the capital and largest city in France. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region (or Paris Region, French: Région parisienne). The city of Paris, within its administrative limits largely unchanged since 1860, has an estimated population of 2,193,031 (January 2007),[2] but the Paris metropolitan area has a population of 11,836,970 (January 2007),[4] and is one of the most populated metropolitan areas in Europe.[5]
In 2009 and 2010 Paris has been ranked among the three most important and influential cities in the world, among the first three "European cities of the future" - according to a research published by Financial Times[9] and among the ten cities in the world "where to live in" according to the British review Monocle (June 2010). An important settlement for more than two millennia, Paris is today one of the world's leading business and cultural centres, and its influences in politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science, and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major global cities.[11] Paris also ranks among the projected top ten wealthiest cities in 2020 and 2025 together with London, São Paulo, Tokyo, New York City and Shanghai.
Paris and the Paris Region, with €552.7 billion in 2008, produces more than a quarter of the gross domestic product (GDP) of France. According to 2007 estimates, the Paris urban agglomeration is Europe's biggest city economy and the sixth largest in the world. The Paris Region hosts 38 of the Fortune Global 500 companies in several business districts, notably La Défense, the largest purpose-built business district in Europe. Paris also hosts many international organizations such as UNESCO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and the informal Paris Club. According to the latest survey from Economist Intelligence Unit in 2010, Paris is the world's most expensive city to live in.
Paris is the most popular tourist destination in the world. The Paris region receives 45 million tourists annually, 27 million of whom are foreign visitors.The city and region contain numerous iconic landmarks, world-famous institutions and popular parks.
History
Main article: History of Paris
Origins
The Gallo-Roman baths Thermes de Cluny, at the Musée de Cluny, in Paris Latin Quarter.
The earliest archaeological signs of permanent habitation in the Paris area date from around 4200 BC. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the area near the river Seine from around 250 BC. The Romans conquered the Paris basin in 52 BC, with a permanent settlement by the end of the same century on the Left Bank Sainte Geneviève Hill and the Île de la Cité. The Gallo-Roman town was originally called Lutetia, but later Gallicised to Lutèce. It expanded greatly over the following centuries, becoming a prosperous city with a forum, palaces, baths, temples, theatres, and an amphitheatre.The collapse of the Roman empire and the fifth-century Germanic invasions sent the city into a period of decline. By 400 AD, Lutèce, by then largely abandoned by its inhabitants, was little more than a garrison town entrenched into the hastily fortified central island.The city reclaimed its original appellation of "Paris" towards the end of the Roman occupation. The Merovingian king Clovis I established Paris as his capital in 508.
Middle Ages to 19th century
Paris's population was around 200,000 when the Black Death arrived in 1348, killing as many as 800 people a day, and 40,000 died from the plague in 1466. According to Biraben, plague was present in Paris for almost one year of three in the 16th and 17th centuries to 1670.Paris lost its position as seat of the French realm during occupation of the English-allied Burgundians during the Hundred Years' War, but regained its title when Charles VII of France reclaimed the city from English rule in 1436. Paris from then became France's capital once again in title, but France's real centre of power would remain in the Loire Valley[26] until King Francis I returned France's crown residences to Paris in 1528.
During the French Wars of Religion, Paris was a stronghold of the Catholic party. In August 1572, under the reign of Charles IX, while many noble Protestants were in Paris on the occasion of the marriage of Henry of Navarre, the future Henry IV, to Margaret of Valois, sister of Charles IX, the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre occurred; begun on 24 August, it lasted several days and spread throughout the country. During the Fronde, Parisians rose in rebellion and the royal family fled the city (1648). King Louis XIV then moved the royal court permanently to Versailles, a lavish estate on the outskirts of Paris, in 1682. A century later, Paris was the centre stage for the French Revolution, with the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789 and the overthrow of the monarchy in September 1792.
Nineteenth century
Paris was occupied by Russian Cossack and Kalmyk cavalry units upon Napoleon's defeat on the 31st of March 1814; this was the first time in 400 years that the city had been conquered by a foreign power.[30] The ensuing Restoration period, or the return of the monarchy under Louis XVIII (1814–1824) and Charles X, ended with the July Revolution Parisian uprising of 1830. The new 'constitutional monarchy' under Louis-Philippe ended with the 1848 "February Revolution" that led to the creation of the Second Republic.
Throughout these events, cholera epidemics in 1832 and 1849 ravaged the population of Paris; the 1832 epidemic alone claimed 20,000 of the population of 650,000.
The greatest development in Paris's history began with the Industrial Revolution creation of a network of railways that brought an unprecedented flow of migrants to the capital from the 1840s. The city's largest transformation came with the 1852 Second Empire under Napoleon III; his préfet, Baron Haussmann, levelled entire districts of the Paris' narrow, winding medieval streets to create the network of wide avenues and neo-classical façades that still make much of modern Paris; the reason for this transformation was twofold, as not only did the creation of wide boulevards beautify and sanitize the capital, it also facilitated the effectiveness of troops and artillery against any further uprisings and barricades that Paris was so famous for.
1889 Universal Exposition.
The Second Empire ended in the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), and a besieged Paris under heavy bombardment surrendered on 28 January 1871. The discontent of Paris' populace with the new armistice-signing government seated in Versailles resulted in the creation of the Paris Commune government, supported by an army in large part created from members of the city's former National Guard, that would both continue resistance against the Prussians and oppose the army of the "Versaillais" government. The Paris Commune ended with the Semaine SanglanteParis Commune#La Semaine Sanglante ("Bloody Week"), during which roughly 20,000 "Communards" were executed[citation needed] before the fighting ended on 28 May 1871. The ease with which the Versaillais army overtook Paris owed much to Baron Haussmann's renovations.
France's late 19th-century Universal Expositions made Paris an increasingly important centre of technology, trade, and tourism.[34] Its most famous were the 1889 Exposition universelle to which Paris owes its "temporary" display of architectural engineering prowess, the Eiffel Tower, a structure that remained the world's tallest building until 1930; the 1900 Universal Exposition saw the opening of the first Paris Métro line.
Twentieth century
During World War I, Paris was at the forefront of the war effort, having been spared a German invasion by the French and British victory at the First Battle of the Marne in 1914. In 1918–1919, it was the scene of Allied victory parades and peace negotiations. In the inter-war period Paris was famed for its cultural and artistic communities and its nightlife. The city became a gathering place of artists from around the world, from exiled Russian composer Stravinsky and Spanish painters Picasso and Dalí to American writer Hemingway.
Liberation of Paris, August 1944.
On 14 June 1940, five weeks after the start of the Battle of France, an undefended Paris fell to German occupation forces. The Germans marched past the Arc de Triomphe on the 140th anniversary of Napoleon's victory at the Battle of Marengo.[36] German forces remained in Paris until the city was liberated in August 1944 after a resistance uprising, two and a half months after the Normandy invasion. Central Paris endured World War II practically unscathed, as there were no strategic targets for Allied bombers (train stations in central Paris are terminal stations; major factories were located in the suburbs). Also, German General von Choltitz did not destroy all Parisian monuments before any German retreat, as ordered by Adolf Hitler, who had visited the city in 1940.
In the post-war era, Paris experienced its largest development since the end of the Belle Époque in 1914. The suburbs began to expand considerably, with the construction of large social estates known as cités and the beginning of the business district La Défense. A comprehensive express subway network, the RER, was built to complement the Métro and serve the distant suburbs, while a network of freeways was developed in the suburbs, centred on the Périphérique expressway circling around the city.[39][40][41]
Since the 1970s, many inner suburbs of Paris (especially the north and eastern ones) have experienced deindustrialization, and the once-thriving cités have gradually become ghettos for immigrants and oases of unemployment. At the same time, the city of Paris (within its Périphérique expressway) and the western and southern suburbs have successfully shifted their economic base from traditional manufacturing to high-value-added services and high-tech manufacturing, generating great wealth for their residents whose per capita income is among the highest in Europe. The resulting widening social gap between these two areas has led to periodic unrest since the mid-1980s, such as the 2005 riots which largely concentrated in the north-eastern suburbs.
Twenty-first century
Paris is considered today to be one of the most beautiful and vibrant cities in Europe. In order to alleviate social tensions in the inner suburbs and revitalise the metropolitan economy of Paris, several plans are currently underway. The office of Secretary of State for the Development of the Capital Region was created in March 2008 within the French government. Its office holder, Christian Blanc, is in charge of overseeing President Nicolas Sarkozy's plans for the creation of an integrated Grand Paris ("Greater Paris") metropolitan authority (see Administration section below), as well as the extension of the subway network to cope with the renewed growth of population in Paris and its suburbs, and various economic development projects to boost the metropolitan economy such as the creation of a world-class technology and scientific cluster and university campus on the Saclay plateau in the southern suburbs.
In parallel, President Sarkozy also launched in 2008 an international urban and architectural competition for the future development of metropolitan Paris. Ten teams, which bring together architects, urban planners, geographers, and landscape architects, will offer their vision for building a Paris metropolis of the 21st century in the Kyoto Protocol era and make a prospective diagnosis for Paris and its suburbs that will define future developments in Greater Paris for the next 40 years. The goal is not only to build an environmentally sustainable metropolis but also to integrate the inner suburbs with the central City of Paris through large-scale urban planning operations and iconic architectural projects.
Meanwhile, in an effort to boost the global economic image of metropolitan Paris, several skyscrapers (300 m (984 ft) and higher) have been approved since 2006 in the business district of La Défense, to the west of the city proper, and are scheduled to be completed by the early 2010s. Paris authorities also made public they are planning to authorise the construction of skyscrapers within the city proper by relaxing the cap on building height for the first time since the construction of the Tour Montparnasse in the early 1970s.
Etymology
La Défense.
The name Paris derives from that of its inhabitants, the Gaulish tribe known as the Parisii. The city was called Lutetia (more fully, Lutetia Parisiorum, "Lutetia of the Parisii"), during the Roman era of the 1st- to 6th-century, but during the reign of Julian the Apostate (360–363) the city was renamed Paris.
It is considered that the name of the Parisii tribe comes from the Celtic Gallic word parisio meaning "the working people" or "the craftsmen."
Since the mid-19th century, Paris has been known as Paname ([panam]) in the Parisian slang called argot (Ltspkr.pngMoi j'suis d'Paname, i.e. "I'm from Paname"). The singer Renaud repopularized the term amongst the young generation[50] with his 1976 album Amoureux de Paname ("In love with Paname").
Paris has many nicknames, but its most famous is "La Ville-Lumière" ("The City of Light" or "The Illuminated City"), a name it owes first to its fame as a centre of education and ideas during the Age of Enlightenment, and later to its early adoption of street lighting.
Paris' inhabitants are known in English as "Parisians" and in French as Parisiens ([paʁizjɛ̃] ( listen)). Parisians are often pejoratively called Parigots ([paʁiɡo] ( listen)), a term first used in 1900 by those living outside the Paris region, but now the term may be considered endearing by Parisians themselves.
Geography
Paris seen from Spot Satellite
Main article: Topography of Paris
Paris is located in the north-bending arc of the river Seine and includes two islands, the Île Saint-Louis and the larger Île de la Cité, which form the oldest part of the city. Overall, the city is relatively flat, and the lowest elevation is 35 m (115 ft) above sea level. Paris has several prominent hills, of which the highest is Montmartre at 130 m (427 ft).
Paris, excluding the outlying parks of Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes, covers an oval measuring 86.928 km2 (34 sq mi) in area.[citation needed] The city's last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 not only gave it its modern form but created the twenty clockwise-spiralling arrondissements (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of 78 km2 (30 sq mi), the city limits were expanded marginally to 86.9 km2 (34 sq mi) in the 1920s. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes forest parks were officially annexed to the city, bringing its area to the present 105.39 km2 (41 sq mi).
Climate
Paris has a typical Western European oceanic climate which is affected by the North Atlantic Current. Over the year, Paris' climate can be described as mild and moderately wet.
Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures hovering between 15 and 25°C, and a fair amount of sunshine. Each year, however, there are a couple of days where the temperature rises above 32 °C (90 °F). Some years have even witnessed some long periods of harsh summer weather, such as the heat wave of 2003 where temperatures exceeded 30 °C (86 °F) for weeks, surged up to 40 °C (104 °F) on some days and seldom cooled down at night. More recently, the average temperature for July 2010 has been +21°C, with an average minimum temperature of 16° and an average maximum temperature of 27°C
Spring and autumn have, on average, mild days and fresh nights, but are changing and unstable. Surprisingly warm or cool weather happens frequently in both seasons.
In Winter, sunshine is scarce; days are cool but generally above freezing with temperatures around 7°C. Light night frosts are however quite common, but the temperature will dip below −5 °C (23 °F) for only a few of days a year. Snowfall is rare, but the city sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation. Recently, notably in 2009 and 2010, cold waves brought repeated heavy snowfall (15 in 2010) and temperatures plummeting to −10 °C (14 °F) and −20 °C (−4 °F) in the Paris suburbs.Rain falls throughout the year, and although Paris is not a very rainy city, it is known for heavy sudden showers. Average annual precipitation is 652 mm (25.7 in) with light rainfall fairly distributed throughout the year. The highest recorded temperature is 40.4 °C (105 °F) on 28 July 1948, and the lowest is a −23.9 °C (−11 °F) on 10 December 1879.
Climate data for Paris (1971-2000)
Cityscape
Panoramic view over the western side of Paris, at dusk, from the top of the Tour Montparnasse.
Architecture
Place Vendôme.
Much of contemporary Paris is the result of the vast mid-nineteenth century urban remodelling. For centuries, the city had been a labyrinth of narrow streets and half-timber houses, but, beginning iire quarters to make way for wide avenues lined with neo-classical stone buildings of bourgeoisie standing. Most of this 'new' Paris is the Paris we see today. The building code has seen few changes since, and the Second Empire plans are in many cases still followed. The "alignement" law is still in place, which regulates building facades of new constructions according to a pre-defined street width. A building's height is limited according to the width of the streets it lines, and under the regulation, it is difficult to get an approval to build a taller building.
Many of Paris's important institutions are located outside the city limits. The financial (La Défense) business district, the main food wholesale market (Rungis), schools (École Polytechnique, HEC, ESSEC, INSEAD), research laboratories (in Saclay or Évry), the largest stadium (the Stade de France), and government offices (Ministry of Transportation) are located in the city's suburbs.
[edit] Districts and historical centres
Place de la Concorde.
The Sacré-Cœur Basilica.
Galeries Lafayette department store in boulevard Haussmann during Christmas
Main article: Paris districts
City of Paris
* Place de la Bastille (4th, 11th and 12th arrondissements, right bank) is a district of great historical significance, not only for Paris, but for France, too. Because of its symbolic value, the square has often been a site of political demonstrations.
* Champs-Élysées (8th arrondissement, right bank) is a seventeenth century garden-promenade-turned-avenue connecting the Concorde and Arc de Triomphe. It is one of the many tourist attractions and a major shopping street of Paris.
* Place de la Concorde (8th arrondissement, right bank) is at the foot of the Champs-Élysées, built as the "Place Louis XV", site of the infamous guillotine. The Egyptian obelisk is Paris' "oldest monument". On this place, on either side of the Rue Royale, there are two identical stone buildings: The eastern one houses the French Naval Ministry, the western the luxurious Hôtel de Crillon. Nearby Place Vendôme is famous for its fashionable and deluxe hotels (Hôtel Ritz and Hôtel de Vendôme) and its jewellers. Many famous fashion designers have had their salons in the square.
* Les Halles (1st arrondissement, right bank) was formerly Paris' central meat and produce market, and, since the late 1970s, a major shopping centre around an important metro connection station (Châtelet-Les Halles, the biggest in the World). The past Les Halles was destroyed in 1971 and replaced by the Forum des Halles. The central market of Paris, the biggest wholesale food market in the world, was transferred to Rungis, in the southern suburbs.
* Le Marais (3rd and 4th arrondissements) is a trendy Right Bank district. It is architecturally very well-preserved, and some of the oldest houses and buildings of Paris can be found there. It is a very culturally open place. It is also known for its Chinese, Jewish and gay communities.
* Avenue Montaigne (8th arrondissement), next to the Champs-Élysées, is home to luxury brand labels such as Chanel, Louis Vuitton (LVMH), Dior and Givenchy.
* Montmartre (18th arrondissement, right bank) is a historic area on the Butte, home to the Basilique du Sacré-Cœur. Montmartre has always had a history with artists and has many studios and cafés of many great artists in that area.
* Montparnasse (14th arrondissement) is a historic Left Bank area famous for artists' studios, music halls, and café life. The large Montparnasse - Bienvenüe métro station and the lone Tour Montparnasse skyscraper are located there.
* Avenue de l'Opéra (9th arrondissement, right bank) is the area around the Opéra Garnier and the location of the capital's densest concentration of both department stores and offices. A few examples are the Printemps and Galeries Lafayette grands magasins (department stores), and the Paris headquarters of financial giants such as BNP Paribas and American Express.
* Quartier Latin (5th and 6th arrondissements, left bank) is a twelfth-century scholastic centre formerly stretching between the Left Bank's Place Maubert and the Sorbonne campus. It is known for its lively atmosphere and many bistros. Various higher-education establishments, such as Sciences Po Paris, the École Normale Supérieure, TELECOM ParisTech, and the Jussieu university campus, make it a major educational centre in Paris.
* Faubourg Saint-Honoré (8th arrondissement, right bank) is one of Paris' high-fashion districts, home to labels such as Hermès and Christian Lacroix.
Avenue des Champs-Élysées at Christmas 2008.
In the Paris area * La Défense (straddling the communes of Courbevoie, Puteaux, and Nanterre, 2.5 km (2 mi) west of the city proper) is a key suburb of Paris and is one of the largest business centres in the world. Built at the western end of a westward extension of Paris' historical axis from the Champs-Élysées, La Défense consists mainly of business high-rises. Initiated by the French government in 1958, the district hosts 3,500,000 m2 (37,673,686 sq ft) of offices, making it the largest district in Europe specifically developed for business. The Grande Arche (Great Arch) of la Défense, which houses a part of the French Transports Minister's headquarters, ends the central Esplanade, around which the district is organised.
Val de Seine
* Plaine Saint-Denis (straddling the communes of Saint-Denis, Aubervilliers, and Saint-Ouen, immediately north of the 18th arrondissement, across the Périphérique ring road) is a former derelict manufacturing area that has undergone large-scale urban renewal in the last 10 years. It now hosts the Stade de France, around which is being built the new business district of LandyFrance, with two RER stations (on RER line B and D) and possibly some skyscrapers. In the Plaine Saint-Denis are also located most of France's television studios as well as some major movie studios.
* Val de Seine (straddling the 15th arrondissement and the communes of Issy-les-Moulineaux and Boulogne-Billancourt to the south-west of central Paris) is the new media hub of Paris and France, hosting the headquarters of most of France's TV networks (TF1 in Boulogne-Billancourt, France 2 in the 15th arrondissement, Canal+ and the international channels France 24 and Eurosport in Issy-les-Moulineaux), as well as several telecommunication and IT companies such as Neuf Cegetel in Boulogne-Billancourt or Microsoft's Europe, Africa & Middle East regional headquarters in Issy-les-Moulineaux.
Monuments and landmarks
Main article: List of visitor attractions in Paris
Panorama of Paris which shows some of its landmarks
Three of the most famous Parisian landmarks are the twelfth-century cathedral Notre Dame de Paris on the Île de la Cité, the Napoleonic Arc de Triomphe and the nineteenth-century Eiffel Tower. The Eiffel Tower was a "temporary" construction by Gustave Eiffel for the 1889 Universal Exposition, but the tower was never dismantled and is now an enduring symbol of Paris. The Historical axis is a line of monuments, buildings, and thoroughfares that run in a roughly straight line from the city-centre westwards: The line of monuments begins with the Louvre and continues through the Tuileries Gardens, the Champs-Élysées, and the Arc de Triomphe, centred in the Place de l'Étoile circus. From the 1960s, the line was prolonged even further west to the La Défense business district dominated by square-shaped triumphal Grande Arche of its own; this district hosts most of the tallest skyscrapers in the Paris urban area. The Invalides museum is the burial place for many great French soldiers, including Napoleon, and the Panthéon church is where many of France's illustrious men and women are buried. The former Conciergerie prison held some prominent Ancien Régime members before their deaths during the French Revolution. Another symbol of the Revolution are the two Statues of Liberty located on the Île des Cygnes on the Seine and in the Luxembourg Garden. A larger version of the statues was sent as a gift from France to America in 1886 and now stands in New York City's harbour. The Palais Garnier, built in the later Second Empire period, houses the Paris Opera and the Paris Opera Ballet, while the former palace of the Louvre now houses one of the most renowned museums in the world. The Sorbonne is the most famous part of the University of Paris and is based in the centre of the Latin Quarter. Apart from Notre Dame de Paris, there are several other ecclesiastical masterpieces including the Gothic thirteenth-century Sainte-Chapelle palace chapel and the Église de la Madeleine.
Parks and gardens
Main article: List of parks and gardens in Paris
Jardin du Luxembourg.
Two of Paris' oldest and famous gardens are the Tuileries Garden, created in the 16th century for a palace on the banks of the Seine near the Louvre, and the Left bank Luxembourg Garden, another former private garden belonging to a château built for the Marie de' Medici in 1612. The Jardin des Plantes, created by Louis XIII's doctor Guy de La Brosse for the cultivation of medicinal plants, was Paris' first public garden.
A few of Paris' other large gardens are Second Empire creations: The former suburban parks of Montsouris, Parc des Buttes Chaumont, and Parc Monceau (formerly known as the "folie de Chartres") are creations of Napoleon III's engineer Jean-Charles Alphand. Another project executed under the orders of Baron Haussmann was the re-sculpting of Paris' western Bois de Boulogne forest-parklands; the Bois de Vincennes, on the city's opposite eastern end, received a similar treatment in years following.
Newer additions to Paris' park landscape are the Parc de la Villette, built by the architect Bernard Tschumi on the location of Paris' former slaughterhouses, the Parc André Citroën, and gardens being laid to the periphery along the traces of its former circular "Petite Ceinture" railway line: Promenade Plantée.
Water and sanitation
Canal Saint-Martin.
Paris in its early history had only the Seine and Bièvre rivers for water. Later forms of irrigation were a first-century Roman aqueduct from southerly Wissous (later left to ruin); sources from the Right bank hills from the late 11th century; from the fifteenth century, an aqueduct built roughly along the path of the abandoned Wissous aqueduct; and, from 1809, the canal de l'Ourcq, providing Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the northeast of the capital, and "God's Tears", a bi-annual rainstorm, which stopped in the early 20th century for a natural phenomenon. Paris would have its first constant and plentiful source of drinkable water only from the late 19th century: From 1857, the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand, under Napoleon III's Préfet Haussmann, oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought sources from locations all around the city to several reservoirs built atop the Capital's highest points of elevation. From then on, the new reservoir system became Paris' principal source of drinking water, and the remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then used for the cleaning of Paris' streets. This system is still a major part of Paris' modern water supply network.
Paris has over 2,400 km of underground passageways[58] dedicated to the evacuation of Paris' liquid wastes. Most of these date from the late 19th century, a result of the combined plans of the Préfet Baron Haussmann and the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand to improve the then-very unsanitary conditions in the Capital. Maintained by a round-the-clock service since their construction, only a small percentage of Paris' sewer réseau has needed complete renovation.
In 1982, then mayor Jacques Chirac introduced the motorcycle-mounted Motocrotte to remove dog faeces from Paris streets.[59] The project was abandoned in 2002 for a new and better enforced local law which now fines dog owners up to Euros 500 for not removing their dog faeces. It was estimated at the time of their removal, that the fleet of 70 Motocrottes were only cleaning-up 20% of dog faeces on Parisian streets, for an annual cost of £3million.
Cemeteries
The Catacombs
Paris' main cemetery was located to its outskirts on its Left Bank from the beginning of its history[citation needed], but this changed with the rise of Catholicism and the construction of churches towards the city-centre, many of them having adjoining burial grounds for use by their parishes. Generations of a growing city population soon filled these cemeteries to overflowing, creating sometimes very unsanitary conditions: Condemned from 1786, the contents of all Paris' parish cemeteries were transferred to a renovated section of Paris' then suburban stone mines outside the Left Bank "Porte d'Enfer" city gate (today 14th arrondissement's place Denfert-Rochereau). After a tentative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, Napoleon Bonaparte provided a more definitive solution in the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries to the outside of the city tax wall named Wall of the Farmers-General ; Open from 1804, these were the cemeteries of Père Lachaise, Montmartre, Montparnasse, and later Passy.
When Paris annexed all communes to the inside of its much larger ring of suburban fortifications in 1860, its cemeteries were once again within its city walls. New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century: The largest of these are the Cimetière Parisien de Saint-Ouen[disambiguation needed], the Cimetière Parisien de Bobigny-Pantin, the Cimetière Parisien d'Ivry[disambiguation needed], and the Cimetière Parisien de Bagneux[disambiguation needed].
Culture
Main article: Culture of Paris
Entertainment and performing arts
See also: List of films set in Paris
The Opéra Garnier.
Largest opera houses of Paris are the nineteenth century Opéra Garnier (historical Paris Opéra) and modern Opéra Bastille; the former tends towards the more classic ballets and operas, and the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern. In middle of 19th century, there were active two other competing opera houses: Opéra-Comique (which still exists to this day) and Théâtre Lyrique (which in modern times changed its profile and name to Théâtre de la Ville).
Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture. This still holds true today; and many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. Some of Paris' major theatres include Bobino, Théâtre Mogador, and the Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse. Some Parisian theatres have also doubled as concert halls. Many of France's greatest musical legends, such as Édith Piaf, Maurice Chevalier, Georges Brassens, and Charles Aznavour, found their fame in Parisian concert halls: Legendary yet still-showing examples of these are Le Lido, Bobino, l'Olympia and le Splendid.
The Élysées-Montmartre, much reduced from its original size, is a concert hall today. The New Morning is one of few Parisian clubs still holding jazz concerts, but the same also specialises in 'indie' music. In more recent times, the Le Zénith hall in Paris, La Villette quarter and a "parc-omnisports" stadium in Bercy serve as large-scale rock concert halls.
Several yearly festivals take place in Paris, such as Rock en Seine.
Parisians tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of the world's global cities, that is to say with a dominance of Hollywood-generated film entertainment. French cinema comes a close second, with major directors (réalisateurs) such as Claude Lelouch, François Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard, Claude Chabrol, and Luc Besson, and the more slapstick/popular genre with director Claude Zidi as an example. European and Asian films are also widely shown and appreciated. A specialty of Paris is its very large network of small movie theatres: on a given week, the movie fan has the choice between around 300 old or new movies from all over the world.
Many of Paris' concert/dance halls were transformed into movie theatres when the media became popular from the 1930s. Later, most of the largest cinemas were divided into multiple, smaller rooms: Paris' largest cinema today is by far le Grand Rex theatre with 2,800 seats, whereas other cinemas all have fewer than 1,000 seats. There is now a trend toward modern multiplexes that contain more than 10 or 20 screens.
Cuisine
The Les Deux Magots cafe.
See also: French Cuisine
Paris' culinary reputation has its base in the diverse origins of its inhabitants. In its beginnings, it owed much to the 19th-century organisation of a railway system that had Paris as a centre, making the capital a focal point for immigration from France's many different regions and gastronomical cultures. This reputation continues through today in a cultural diversity that has since spread to a worldwide level thanks to Paris' continued reputation for culinary finesse and further immigration from increasingly distant climes.
Hotels were another result of widespread travel and tourism, especially Paris' late-19th-century Expositions Universelles (World's Fairs). Of the most luxurious of these, the Hôtel Ritz, appeared in the Place Vendôme from 1898, and the Hôtel de Crillon opened its doors on the north side of the place de la Concorde from 1909.
Tourism
Paris, Banks of the Seine*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
DSC00733 Notre Dame Paris from east.jpg
Notre Dame de Paris on the Île de la Cité, on the River Seine.
Type Cultural
Criteria i, ii, iv
Reference 600
Region** Europe and North America
Inscription history
Inscription 1991 (15th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List.
** Region as classified by UNESCO.
Main article: List of museums in Paris
Since 1848, Paris is a popular destination by rail network, with Paris at its centre. Among Paris' first mass attractions drawing international interest were the above-mentioned Expositions Universelles that were the origin of Paris' many monuments, namely the Eiffel Tower from 1889. These, in addition to the capital's Second Empire embellishments, did much to make the city itself the attraction it is today.
Paris' museums and monuments are among its highest-esteemed attractions; tourism has motivated both the city and national governments to create new ones. The city's most prized museum, the Louvre, welcomes over 8 million visitors a year, being by far the world's most-visited art museum. The city's cathedrals are another main attraction: Notre Dame de Paris and the Basilique du Sacré-Coeur receive 12 million and eight million visitors, respectively. The Eiffel Tower, by far Paris' most famous monument, averages over six million visitors per year and more than 200 million since its construction. Disneyland Paris is a major tourist attraction not only for visitors to Paris but for visitors to the rest of Europe as well, with 14.5 million visitors in 2007.
The Louvre is one of the largest and most famous museums, housing many works of art, including the Mona Lisa (La Joconde) and the Venus de Milo statue. Works by Pablo Picasso and Auguste Rodin are found in Musée Picasso and Musée Rodin, respectively, while the artistic community of Montparnasse is chronicled at the Musée du Montparnass
Το Παρίσι, γνωστό και ως η Πόλη του Φωτός (Ville lumière), από τότε που φωτίστηκαν οι κύριες λεωφόροι του με φανούς γκαζιού το 1828, είναι η πρωτεύουσα της Γαλλίας και της περιφέρειας Île-de-France και μία από τις ιστορικότερες πόλεις της Ευρώπης. Το Παρίσι περιλαμβάνει την πόλη του Παρισιού και τα περίχωρα και βρίσκεται σε ένα λεκανοπέδιο. Ο συνολικός πληθυσμός της μητροπολιτικής περιοχής ξεπερνά τα 13.000.000 [εκκρεμεί παραπομπή] και είναι έτσι μία από τις μεγαλύτερες πόλεις της Ευρώπης και του κόσμου. Επιπλέον είναι η πολιτιστική και οικονομική πρωτεύουσα της Γαλλίας, το σημαντικότερο κομβικό σημείο της και έδρα πολλών διεθνών οργανισμών, όπως της ΟΥΝΕΣΚΟ.
Γεωγραφική θέση
Το Παρίσι είναι κτισμένο στο κέντρο του λεκανοπεδίου του Παρισιού, κατά μέσο όρο 65 μέτρα πάνω από τη στάθμη της θάλασσας. Η πόλη του Παρισιού περιβάλλεται από μεγάλα δάση, τα οποία προσφέρουν ανάσα δροσιάς και ανάπαυσης στους Παριζιάνους.
Η έκταση της πόλης φτάνει τα 105,4 τετραγωνικά χιλιόμετρα, ενώ ολόκληρη η μητροπολιτική περιοχή ξεπερνά τα 14.518 τετραγωνικά χιλιόμετρα.
Σηκουάνας
Ο Σηκουάνας ποταμός (γαλλ. la Seine) συνδέει το Παρίσι με το εσωτερικό της Γαλλίας, και πιο συγκεκριμένα με την Βουργουνδία και με την Μάγχη. Έπαιξε σπουδαίο ρόλο στην ανάπτυξη και εξέλιξη της πόλης. Χωρίζει το Παρίσι σε δύο άνισες όχθες, στην δεξιά όχθη (rive droite), όπου κυριαρχούν οι επιχειρήσεις και τα χρηματιστήρια, και την νότια, την αριστερή όχθη (rive gauche), όπου είναι ο παραδοσιακός τόπος διαμονής διανοουμένων και καλλιτεχνών.
Νησιά
Το Ιλ ντε λα Σιτέ (Île de la Cité) είναι ένα μικρό νησάκι στον Σηκουάνα, στην καρδιά του Παρισιού. Κατοικήθηκε για πρώτη φορά στην αρχαιότητα και είναι, έτσι, το αρχαιότερο σημείο του Παρισιού.
Πληθυσμός
Ο πληθυσμός της πόλης ανέρχεται στα 2.153.600 κατοίκους, ενώ μαζί με τα περίχωρα και τις γύρω κοινότητες, τη μητροπολιτική περιοχή δηλαδή, αγγίζει τα 13.200.000 κατοίκους περίπου [εκκρεμεί παραπομπή], που την καθιστούν ως μια από τις μεγαλύτερες πληθυσμιακά πόλεις στην Ευρώπη. Η παγκόσμια κατάταξη το φέρνει στην 23η θέση
Αρχαιότητα
Η πόλη του Παρισιού εξελίχθηκε από έναν κέλτικο οικισμό, στα μέσα του 3ου αιώνα προ Χριστού πάνω στο νησί που βρίσκεται το σημερινό κέντρο της μεγαλούπολης, στον ποταμό Σηκουάνα. Το 52 π.Χ ο οικισμός κατακτήθηκε από τους Ρωμαίους. Τότε το Παρίσι ονομαζόταν 'Lutetia'. Κατά την περίοδο της Ρωμαϊκής αυτοκρατορίας ο οικισμός μεγάλωσε σημαντικά και επεκτάθηκε και στην αριστερή όχθη του ποταμού Σηκουάνα. Εκεί δημιουργήθηκαν ένα αμφιθέατρο, λουτρά και ένας χώρος συγκέντρωσης (Forum). Τον 3ο αιώνα μ.Χ έφεραν μερικοί ιεραπόστολοι τον χριστιανισμό για πρώτη φορά στο Παρίσι. Ο άγιος Διόνυσος του Παρισιού έγινε, το 250 μ.Χ, ο πρώτος επίσκοπος του Παρισιού. Αργότερα, όμως, κατά την διάρκεια των διωγμών του αυτοκράτορα Δέκιου, αποκεφαλίστηκε στον λόφο της Μονμάρτρης. Στο μέρος όπου ετάφη ιδρύθηκε, τον 7ο αιώνα, η Βασιλική του Αγίου Διονυσίου (Saint Denis), η οποία χρησίμευε από τότε ως χώρος ταφής των Γάλλων βασιλέων. Το 360 η πόλη μετονομάστηκε οριστικά σε Παρίσι. Το 486 η ρωμαϊκή κυριαρχία έλαβε τέλος στο Παρίσι και στη Βόρεια Γαλλία, καθώς τα στρατεύματα των Μεροβινγκίων κατέλαβαν την πόλη. Ο βασιλιάς Χλωδοβίκος (Chlodwig) έγινε, το 486, ο πρώτος βασιλιάς της Γαλλίας.
Μεσαίωνας
Το 508 το Παρίσι έγινε πρωτεύουσα του κράτους των Φράγκων. Το 586 μια μεγάλη πυρκαγιά κατέστρεψε την πόλη ολοσχερώς. Ο πολύ σκληρός χειμώνας 763/764 - ο ποταμός Σηκουάνας πάγωσε ως τον πυθμένα - ήταν η αιτία του λιμού στο Παρίσι, ενώ πολλοί άνθρωποι πέθαναν από το κρύο. Η πόλη έχασε την σημασία της και, το 794, ο Κάρολος ο Μέγας έκανε το Άαχεν πρωτεύουσα της αυτοκρατορίας. Τον 9ο αιώνα το Παρίσι δέχτηκε αλλεπάλληλες επιθέσεις των Βίκινγκς. Παρ' όλες τις πολύμηνες επιθέσεις των Βίκινγκς, και μετά από σκληρές μάχες και πολλά θύματα, και, αφού μεγάλο μέρος της πόλης είχε καεί, οι Βίκινγκς δεν ξαναεπιτέθηκαν στο Παρίσι. Το 987 ο Ούγος των Καπέτων (Hugo Capet) έγινε βασιλιάς, έκανε το Παρίσι πρωτεύουσα της Γαλλίας και ίδρυσε την δυναστεία των Καπέτων που διήρκεσε μέχρι το 1328. Το 1163 άρχισε η οικοδόμηση της Παναγίας των Παρισίων και γύρω από την πόλη χτίστηκαν προστατευτικά τείχη. Το 1181 έγινε η πρώτη δημόσια αγορά. Κατά την διάρκεια του 13ου αιώνα υπήρξαν πολλές φυσικές καταστροφές στο Παρίσι, όπως παγωνιές και πλημμύρες. Το 1210 άρχισε να χτίζεται και το Λούβρο. Κατά την διάρκεια του Μεσαίωνα το Παρίσι ήταν χωρισμένο στη δεξιά όχθη, όπου κυριαρχούσε η πολιτική, η οικονομία και η θρησκεία, και στην αριστερή όχθη (rive gauche), όπου κυριαρχούσε το προπύργιο των διανοούμενων. Εκεί ιδρύθηκε, το 1257, το Πανεπιστήμιο της Σορβόνης.
Μεταρρύθμιση
Στις αρχές του 16ου αιώνα πέθαναν πολλοί κάτοικοι της πόλης από χολέρα και άλλες μολυσματικές ασθένειες. Κάτω από την βασιλεία του Φραγκίσκου Α΄ (1494-1547) αναπτύχθηκε η τέχνη και ο πολιτισμός. Αγόρασε πολλά έργα τέχνης του Τιτσιάνο, του Μιχαήλ Άγγελου και του Ραφαήλ, θέτοντας τις βάσεις για την βασιλική συλλογή πινάκων ζωγραφικής. Επίσης προεξέτεινε το κάστρο Φονταινεμπλό, ίδρυσε το "Γαλλικό Κολλέγιο", το οποίο υπάρχει μέχρι σήμερα, και εκεί διδάσκονταν Ελληνικά, Λατινικά και Εβραϊκά.
Κατά την διάρκεια των πολέμων των Ουγενότων από το 1562 μέχρι το 1598 το Παρίσι έμεινε σε καθολική ιδιοκτησία. Κατά την νύχτα του Αγίου Βαρθολομαίου, 24 Αυγούστου 1572, δολοφονήθηκαν 3000 με 10000 Ουγενότοι στο Παρίσι. Το 1598 με το Έδικτο της Νάντης οι πόλεμοι των Ουγενότων τερματίσθηκαν.
Υπό τον Λουδοβίκο ΙΓ΄ η οικονομία της πόλης άρχισε να βελτιώνεται. Ίδρυσε τρία τμήματα του Παρισιού, τα οποία υπάρχουν ως σήμερα. Το ανάκτορο του Λουξεμβούργου (Palais de Luxembοurg) και το Βασιλικό Ανάκτορο (Palais Royal) χτίστηκαν εκείνη την περίοδο. Το βασιλικό τυπογραφείο (1620), ο Βοτανικός Κήπος (1626) και η Γαλλική Ακαδημία (1635) ενδυνάμωσαν την πολιτιστική σημασία της πρωτεύουσας.
Σύγχρονο Παρίσι
Πανόραμα του Παρισιού. Αριστερά ο πύργος του Άιφελ, δεξιά η Βασιλική της Ιερής Καρδιάς
Κατά την διάρκεια του 19ου και 20ου αιώνα, το Παρίσι δέχεται συχνά την Παγκόσμια Έκθεση, που σημαδεύει έντονα την πρωτεύουσα. Ο Πύργος του Άιφελ εγκαινιάστηκε για την Έκθεση του 1889 (εκατό χρόνια της Γαλλικής Επανάστασης), το μετρό γι' αυτή του 1900.
Ο γερμανικός στρατός κατέλαβε το Παρίσι κατά την διάρκεια του Β΄ Παγκοσμίου Πολέμου από το 1940 έως το 1944. Στις 25 Αυγούστου 1944 η άφιξη του δεύτερου τάγματος τεθωρακισμένων του στρατηγού Λεκλέρκ (Leclerc) σήμανε και το τέλος της κατάληψης της πρωτεύουσας, χωρίς να σημειωθούν παραπάνω ζημιές, καθώς ο στρατηγός Ντίτριχ φον Χόλτιτς (Dietrich von Choltitz), Στρατιωτικός Διοικητής της πόλης, δεν υπάκουσε στις διαταγές του Χίτλερ, που απαιτούσε την καταστροφή του Παρισιού[2].
Το Παρίσι οργάνωσε τους Ολυμπιακούς Αγώνες του 1900 και του 1924. Ήταν, επίσης, υποψήφια πόλη το 1992, το 2008 και για τους Αγώνες του 2012, που κερδήθηκαν τελικά από τις πόλεις της Βαρκελώνης, του Πεκίνου και του Λονδίνου αντίστοιχα.
Πολιτισμός και αξιοθέατα
Η γαλλική πρωτεύουσα έχει μεγάλο αριθμό ιστορικών και θρησκευτικών κτηρίων, μουσείων, πάρκων και θεάτρων. Στο Παρίσι βρίσκονται περίπου 160 μουσεία, 200 μόνιμες εκθέσεις τέχνης (galeries), 100 θέατρα, 600 κινηματογράφοι και πάνω από 10.000 εστιατόρια. Η προσφορά σε πολιτιστικές εκδηλώσεις περιλαμβάνει κονσέρτα, εκθέσεις, φεστιβάλ μουσικής και κινηματογράφου, επιδείξεις μόδας αλλά και αθλητικές εκδηλώσεις. Το παλάτι Φοντενεμπλώ (Fontainebleau) μπήκε, το 1979, στον κατάλογο της UNESCO ως πολιτιστικό μνημείο παγκόσμιας κληρονομιάς και το ίδιο συνέβη με το παλάτι των Βερσαλλιών το 1981 και την όχθη του ποταμού Σηκουάνα το 1991.
Θέατρο
Τα μεγαλύτερα θέατρα της χώρας βρίσκονται στο Παρίσι. Το Γαλλικό Θέατρο (Theatre français) είναι το εθνικό θέατρο με κλασσικό περιεχόμενο κυρίως. Ιδρύθηκε το 1680 και εκεί παίζονται κατεξοχήν τα έργα του Μολιέρου. To Μουλέν Ρουζ (Moulin Rouge) χτίστηκε το 1889. Το όνομα του θεάτρου αυτού σημαίνει "Κόκκινος Μύλος", που είναι και το σήμα κατατεθέν του. Υπάρχει, επίσης, και η Όπερα του Παρισιού, η οποία ιδρύθηκε το 1875, καθώς και το θέατρο των Ηλυσίων Πεδίων.
Μουσεία
Το μουσείο του Λούβρου
Το Παρίσι βρίθει μουσείων και εκθεσιακών χώρων που καλύπτουν πληθώρα θεμάτων και ιστορικών περιόδων. Επιχειρώντας μία αναφορά στα πιο σημαντικά:
* Το παγκοσμίως γνωστό μουσείο του Λούβρου, το οποίο άνοιξε τις πύλες του το 1793, περιλαμβάνει πάνω από 30.000 εκθέματα, από την αρχαιότητα μέχρι τον 19ο αιώνα. Πριν γίνει μουσείο ήταν βασιλική κατοικία και σήμερα είναι το μεγαλύτερο μουσείο του κόσμου. Βρίσκεται ακριβώς στο κέντρο του Παρισιού.
* Το Μουσείο Ορσέ (Musée d'Orsay), παλαιός σιδηροδρομικός σταθμός που ανακατασκευάστηκε το 1986 για να στεγάσει αντικείμενα γαλλικής τέχνης της χρονικής περιόδου 1848 - 1914, φιλοξενεί μία πλούσια συλλογή ιμπρεσιονιστικών έργων, καθώς και εξαιρετικά ενδιαφέρουσες προσωρινές εκθέσεις.
* Το κέντρο Ζορζ Πομπιντού (Georges Pompidou) ή Μπωμπούρ (Beaubourg) ή Εθνικό κέντρο Τέχνης και Πολιτισμού, γνωστό για τη νεωτεριστική αρχιτεκτονική του, κτίσθηκε το 1977 και στεγάζει σύγχρονα έργα τέχνης.
* Το Γκραν Παλέ (Grand Palais) πρωτοάνοιξε στην παγκόσμια Έκθεση το 1900. Μέσα στο μουσείο βρίσκονται κυρίως πίνακες ζωγραφικής. Δίπλα, αλλά ενσωματωμένο στο μουσείο, βρίσκεται ένα δεύτερο Μουσείο, αυτό της Φυσικής Ιστορίας.
* Το μουσείο του Πάμπλο Πικάσο είναι αφιερωμένο, όπως το λέει και ο τίτλος του, στον μεγάλο Ισπανό ζωγράφο. Εκτίθενται περίπου 250 έργα του Πικάσο, πίνακες αλλά και γλυπτά.
* Το πάρκο της Βιλέτ, στο οποίο βρίσκονται τα μουσεία της "πόλης της μουσικής" και της "Πόλης των επιστημών και βιομηχανίας" με την τεραστίων διαστάσεων κινηματογραφική αίθουσα Ζεόντ (οθόνη 1.000 μ²)
* Το μουσείο Ροντέν, με τον συμπαθέστατο κήπο, που φιλοξενεί έργα του διάσημου γλύπτη.
* Το Μουσείο Μοντέρνας Τέχνης της πόλης του Παρισιού, όπου φιλοξενούνται έργα των Πωλ Σεζάν, Πάμπλο Πικάσσο και άλλων σύγχρονων δημιουργών.
* Το Μουσείο της Όπερας, το Palais Garnier που κατασκευάστηκε από το Ναπολέοντα τον 3ο.
Δρόμοι και κτίρια
Η αψίδα του Θριάμβου
Η λεωφόρος των Ηλυσίων Πεδίων (Avenue des Champs-Élysées) είναι πιθανόν η πιο διάσημη λεωφόρος του κόσμου. Το πλάτος της φτάνει τα 71 μέτρα και το μήκος της τα 2 χιλιόμετρα, ξεκινά από την πλατεία Κονκόρντ (Place de la Concorde) και τερματίζει στην περιοχή Place Charles-de-Gaulle (Place de l’Étoile), όπου και η Αψίδα του Θριάμβου.
Ο Πύργος του Άιφελ είναι το ορόσημο της πόλης και η ψηλότερη κατασκευή της, με ύψος 324 μ. (μαζί με την κεραία) [4]. Οι εργασίες κατασκευής ξεκίνησαν το 1887 και ολοκληρώθηκαν το 1889. Στην αρχή είχε σχεδιαστεί για προσωρινή μόνο χρήση για την παγκόσμια έκθεση του 1889 αλλά ο τεράστιος και εκκεντρικός Πύργος εντυπωσίασε τόσο πολύ ώστε αποτελεί σήμερα σύμβολο τόσο του Παρισιού όσο και της Γαλλίας. Δέχεται πάνω από 6.000.000 επισκέπτες ετησίως, ενώ το 2002 συμπλήρωσε συνολικά 200.000.000 επισκέπτες από τότε που κατασκευάστηκε.
Η Αψίδα του Θριάμβου (Arc de Triomphe), με ύψος 50 μ. και μήκος 45 μ., κατασκευάσθηκε με εντολή του Ναπολέοντα. Οι εργασίες ξεκίνησαν το 1806 και η Αψίδα εγκαινιάστηκε το 1836 από τον βασιλιά της Γαλλίας Λουί Φιλίπ [5].
Η Σορβόννη είναι το αρχαιότερο πανεπιστήμιο βόρεια των Άλπεων. Ιδρύθηκε τον 13ο αιώνα.
Το Καφέ Λε Ντε Μαγκό αποτελεί επίσης γνωστό ορόσημο του Παρισιού.
Εκκλησίες
Η Παναγία των Παρισίων
Ο καθεδρικός ναός της Παναγίας των Παρισίων (Notre Dame de Paris) είναι ένας από τους αρχαιότερους καθεδρικούς ναούς της Ευρώπης. Άρχισε να κτίζεται το 1163 και ολοκληρώθηκε το 1345. Οι δύο πύργοι του έχουν ύψος 69 μέτρα καθένας, ενώ το μήκος όλης της εκκλησίας φτάνει τα 130 μέτρα και το πλάτος της τα 45 μέτρα. Συνολικά έχει χωρητικότητα 9.000 ατόμων.
Η εκκλησία του Αγίου Σουλπικίου (Saint Sulpice). Η σημερινή εκκλησία άρχισε να χτίζεται το 1649 και ολοκληρώθηκε τον 18ο αιώνα.
Η βασιλική της Ιερής Καρδιάς (Basilique de Sacré-Coeur) είναι ρωμαιοκαθολική εκκλησία στον λόφο της Μονμάρτρης, στο υψηλότερο σημείο της πόλης. Άρχισε να χτίζεται το 1876 και ολοκληρώθηκε το 1914.
Συγκοινωνία
Η πόλη διαθέτει πυκνό δίκτυο μετρό, το οποίο συνδέεται με προαστειακά δίκτυα (RER) και περιφερειακά δίκτυα (Urbaine). Διαθέτει, επίσης, σιδηροδρομική σύνδεση με όλες σχεδόν τις πόλεις της χώρας.
Περιβάλλεται από πυκνό δίκτυο αυτοκινητοδρόμων, οι οποίοι την συνδέουν με κάθε σημείο της επικράτειας. Διαθέτει, επίσης, δύο διεθνή αεροδρόμια, το παλαιότερο Ορλί (Paris Orly) [6], στα νότια της πόλης, και το νεότερο Σαρλ ντε Γκωλ (Paris Charles de Gaulle) στα βόρεια, το δεύτερο πιο πολυσύχναστο αεροδρόμιο της Ευρώπης [7]. Το παλαιότερο αεροδρόμιο του Μπουρζέ (Le Bourget) δεν χρησιμοποιείται πλέον από αεροπορικές εταιρείες.
Πράσινοι χώροι
Το Παρίσι, όπως και το Λονδίνο, είναι μια ευρωπαϊκή μεγαλούπολη με πολλούς πράσινους χώρους: πάρκα, κήποι, δάση στολίζουν την ατμόσφαιρα της γαλλικής πρωτεύουσας.
Οι μεγαλύτεροι χώροι πρασίνου είναι τα δάση Bois de Vincennes και Bois de Boulogne (Δάσος της Βουλώνης), οι οποίοι καλύπτουν μια έκταση περίπου 10 τετρ. χιλ. και 8,5 τετρ. χιλ. και βρίσκονται στο νοτιοανατολικό και δυτικό άκρο του Παρισιού αντιστοίχως. Και τα δυο δάση περιλαμβάνουν ιππόδρομο, νησάκια, λίμνες, κήπους και άλλους πόλους έλξης, για παράδειγμα το ζωολογικό κήπο του Βενσέν (Vincennes) ή το μουσείο επιστημών Exploradome στη Βουλώνη.
Πάρκο Monceau – Λίμνη στο Bois de Vincennes – Άποψη του πάρκου Buttes-Chaumont
Άλλοι σημαντικοί χώροι πρασίνου είναι οι φημισμένοι κήποι του Λουξεμβούργου (Jardins du Luxembourg), που περιλαμβάνουν και το Ανάκτορο του Λουξεμβούργου, ο κήπος Jardin des Plantes, με διάφορα μουσεία (Μουσείο Φυσικής Ιστορίας) και θερμοκήπια και με έναν από τους πιο παλιούς ζωολογικούς κήπους στον κόσμο (Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes, έτος έναρξης λειτουργίας το 1794 [8]), η περιοχή Tuileries, με το Ανάκτορο του Κεραμεικού, το πάρκο Buttes-Chaumont, το οποίο περιλαμβάνει, μεταξύ άλλων, μια μικρή σπηλιά, το πάρκο Parc de la Villette με το περίφημο Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie, τα πάρκα Monceau και Montsouris και πολλοί άλλοι χώροι πρασίνου.
Μονοπάτι στο δάσος της Meudon και άποψη πάρκου στο κοντινό προάστιο Maisons-Alfort.
Ωστόσο και εκτός του Δήμου του Παρισιού (Ville de Paris), στην ευρύτερη περιοχή της πόλης (région parisienne) συναντά κανείς αξιόλογους και μεγάλους χώρους πρασίνου: το δάσος της Μεντόν (forêt de Meudon), με έκταση 1.100 εκτάρια (11.000 στρέμματα) [9], απέχει περίπου 6 χλμ. νοτιοδυτικά του Παρισιού και στεγάζει άγρια πανίδα, όπως αλεπούδες και αγριογούρουνα. Σε αυτό υπάρχει, επίσης, και το Αστεροσκοπείο της Meudon, ένα από τα πιο σημαντικά αστρονομικά κέντρα
Από τη Βικιπαίδεια, την ελεύθερη εγκυκλοπαίδεια
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Paris ([paʁi] ( listen) in French, pronounced /ˈpærɪs/ in English) is the capital and largest city in France. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region (or Paris Region, French: Région parisienne). The city of Paris, within its administrative limits largely unchanged since 1860, has an estimated population of 2,193,031 (January 2007),[2] but the Paris metropolitan area has a population of 11,836,970 (January 2007),[4] and is one of the most populated metropolitan areas in Europe.[5]
In 2009 and 2010 Paris has been ranked among the three most important and influential cities in the world, among the first three "European cities of the future" - according to a research published by Financial Times[9] and among the ten cities in the world "where to live in" according to the British review Monocle (June 2010). An important settlement for more than two millennia, Paris is today one of the world's leading business and cultural centres, and its influences in politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science, and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major global cities.[11] Paris also ranks among the projected top ten wealthiest cities in 2020 and 2025 together with London, São Paulo, Tokyo, New York City and Shanghai.
Paris and the Paris Region, with €552.7 billion in 2008, produces more than a quarter of the gross domestic product (GDP) of France. According to 2007 estimates, the Paris urban agglomeration is Europe's biggest city economy and the sixth largest in the world. The Paris Region hosts 38 of the Fortune Global 500 companies in several business districts, notably La Défense, the largest purpose-built business district in Europe. Paris also hosts many international organizations such as UNESCO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and the informal Paris Club. According to the latest survey from Economist Intelligence Unit in 2010, Paris is the world's most expensive city to live in.
Paris is the most popular tourist destination in the world. The Paris region receives 45 million tourists annually, 27 million of whom are foreign visitors.The city and region contain numerous iconic landmarks, world-famous institutions and popular parks.
History
Main article: History of Paris
Origins
The Gallo-Roman baths Thermes de Cluny, at the Musée de Cluny, in Paris Latin Quarter.
The earliest archaeological signs of permanent habitation in the Paris area date from around 4200 BC. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the area near the river Seine from around 250 BC. The Romans conquered the Paris basin in 52 BC, with a permanent settlement by the end of the same century on the Left Bank Sainte Geneviève Hill and the Île de la Cité. The Gallo-Roman town was originally called Lutetia, but later Gallicised to Lutèce. It expanded greatly over the following centuries, becoming a prosperous city with a forum, palaces, baths, temples, theatres, and an amphitheatre.The collapse of the Roman empire and the fifth-century Germanic invasions sent the city into a period of decline. By 400 AD, Lutèce, by then largely abandoned by its inhabitants, was little more than a garrison town entrenched into the hastily fortified central island.The city reclaimed its original appellation of "Paris" towards the end of the Roman occupation. The Merovingian king Clovis I established Paris as his capital in 508.
Middle Ages to 19th century
Paris's population was around 200,000 when the Black Death arrived in 1348, killing as many as 800 people a day, and 40,000 died from the plague in 1466. According to Biraben, plague was present in Paris for almost one year of three in the 16th and 17th centuries to 1670.Paris lost its position as seat of the French realm during occupation of the English-allied Burgundians during the Hundred Years' War, but regained its title when Charles VII of France reclaimed the city from English rule in 1436. Paris from then became France's capital once again in title, but France's real centre of power would remain in the Loire Valley[26] until King Francis I returned France's crown residences to Paris in 1528.
During the French Wars of Religion, Paris was a stronghold of the Catholic party. In August 1572, under the reign of Charles IX, while many noble Protestants were in Paris on the occasion of the marriage of Henry of Navarre, the future Henry IV, to Margaret of Valois, sister of Charles IX, the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre occurred; begun on 24 August, it lasted several days and spread throughout the country. During the Fronde, Parisians rose in rebellion and the royal family fled the city (1648). King Louis XIV then moved the royal court permanently to Versailles, a lavish estate on the outskirts of Paris, in 1682. A century later, Paris was the centre stage for the French Revolution, with the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789 and the overthrow of the monarchy in September 1792.
Nineteenth century
Paris was occupied by Russian Cossack and Kalmyk cavalry units upon Napoleon's defeat on the 31st of March 1814; this was the first time in 400 years that the city had been conquered by a foreign power.[30] The ensuing Restoration period, or the return of the monarchy under Louis XVIII (1814–1824) and Charles X, ended with the July Revolution Parisian uprising of 1830. The new 'constitutional monarchy' under Louis-Philippe ended with the 1848 "February Revolution" that led to the creation of the Second Republic.
Throughout these events, cholera epidemics in 1832 and 1849 ravaged the population of Paris; the 1832 epidemic alone claimed 20,000 of the population of 650,000.
The greatest development in Paris's history began with the Industrial Revolution creation of a network of railways that brought an unprecedented flow of migrants to the capital from the 1840s. The city's largest transformation came with the 1852 Second Empire under Napoleon III; his préfet, Baron Haussmann, levelled entire districts of the Paris' narrow, winding medieval streets to create the network of wide avenues and neo-classical façades that still make much of modern Paris; the reason for this transformation was twofold, as not only did the creation of wide boulevards beautify and sanitize the capital, it also facilitated the effectiveness of troops and artillery against any further uprisings and barricades that Paris was so famous for.
1889 Universal Exposition.
The Second Empire ended in the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), and a besieged Paris under heavy bombardment surrendered on 28 January 1871. The discontent of Paris' populace with the new armistice-signing government seated in Versailles resulted in the creation of the Paris Commune government, supported by an army in large part created from members of the city's former National Guard, that would both continue resistance against the Prussians and oppose the army of the "Versaillais" government. The Paris Commune ended with the Semaine SanglanteParis Commune#La Semaine Sanglante ("Bloody Week"), during which roughly 20,000 "Communards" were executed[citation needed] before the fighting ended on 28 May 1871. The ease with which the Versaillais army overtook Paris owed much to Baron Haussmann's renovations.
France's late 19th-century Universal Expositions made Paris an increasingly important centre of technology, trade, and tourism.[34] Its most famous were the 1889 Exposition universelle to which Paris owes its "temporary" display of architectural engineering prowess, the Eiffel Tower, a structure that remained the world's tallest building until 1930; the 1900 Universal Exposition saw the opening of the first Paris Métro line.
Twentieth century
During World War I, Paris was at the forefront of the war effort, having been spared a German invasion by the French and British victory at the First Battle of the Marne in 1914. In 1918–1919, it was the scene of Allied victory parades and peace negotiations. In the inter-war period Paris was famed for its cultural and artistic communities and its nightlife. The city became a gathering place of artists from around the world, from exiled Russian composer Stravinsky and Spanish painters Picasso and Dalí to American writer Hemingway.
Liberation of Paris, August 1944.
On 14 June 1940, five weeks after the start of the Battle of France, an undefended Paris fell to German occupation forces. The Germans marched past the Arc de Triomphe on the 140th anniversary of Napoleon's victory at the Battle of Marengo.[36] German forces remained in Paris until the city was liberated in August 1944 after a resistance uprising, two and a half months after the Normandy invasion. Central Paris endured World War II practically unscathed, as there were no strategic targets for Allied bombers (train stations in central Paris are terminal stations; major factories were located in the suburbs). Also, German General von Choltitz did not destroy all Parisian monuments before any German retreat, as ordered by Adolf Hitler, who had visited the city in 1940.
In the post-war era, Paris experienced its largest development since the end of the Belle Époque in 1914. The suburbs began to expand considerably, with the construction of large social estates known as cités and the beginning of the business district La Défense. A comprehensive express subway network, the RER, was built to complement the Métro and serve the distant suburbs, while a network of freeways was developed in the suburbs, centred on the Périphérique expressway circling around the city.[39][40][41]
Since the 1970s, many inner suburbs of Paris (especially the north and eastern ones) have experienced deindustrialization, and the once-thriving cités have gradually become ghettos for immigrants and oases of unemployment. At the same time, the city of Paris (within its Périphérique expressway) and the western and southern suburbs have successfully shifted their economic base from traditional manufacturing to high-value-added services and high-tech manufacturing, generating great wealth for their residents whose per capita income is among the highest in Europe. The resulting widening social gap between these two areas has led to periodic unrest since the mid-1980s, such as the 2005 riots which largely concentrated in the north-eastern suburbs.
Twenty-first century
Paris is considered today to be one of the most beautiful and vibrant cities in Europe. In order to alleviate social tensions in the inner suburbs and revitalise the metropolitan economy of Paris, several plans are currently underway. The office of Secretary of State for the Development of the Capital Region was created in March 2008 within the French government. Its office holder, Christian Blanc, is in charge of overseeing President Nicolas Sarkozy's plans for the creation of an integrated Grand Paris ("Greater Paris") metropolitan authority (see Administration section below), as well as the extension of the subway network to cope with the renewed growth of population in Paris and its suburbs, and various economic development projects to boost the metropolitan economy such as the creation of a world-class technology and scientific cluster and university campus on the Saclay plateau in the southern suburbs.
In parallel, President Sarkozy also launched in 2008 an international urban and architectural competition for the future development of metropolitan Paris. Ten teams, which bring together architects, urban planners, geographers, and landscape architects, will offer their vision for building a Paris metropolis of the 21st century in the Kyoto Protocol era and make a prospective diagnosis for Paris and its suburbs that will define future developments in Greater Paris for the next 40 years. The goal is not only to build an environmentally sustainable metropolis but also to integrate the inner suburbs with the central City of Paris through large-scale urban planning operations and iconic architectural projects.
Meanwhile, in an effort to boost the global economic image of metropolitan Paris, several skyscrapers (300 m (984 ft) and higher) have been approved since 2006 in the business district of La Défense, to the west of the city proper, and are scheduled to be completed by the early 2010s. Paris authorities also made public they are planning to authorise the construction of skyscrapers within the city proper by relaxing the cap on building height for the first time since the construction of the Tour Montparnasse in the early 1970s.
Etymology
La Défense.
The name Paris derives from that of its inhabitants, the Gaulish tribe known as the Parisii. The city was called Lutetia (more fully, Lutetia Parisiorum, "Lutetia of the Parisii"), during the Roman era of the 1st- to 6th-century, but during the reign of Julian the Apostate (360–363) the city was renamed Paris.
It is considered that the name of the Parisii tribe comes from the Celtic Gallic word parisio meaning "the working people" or "the craftsmen."
Since the mid-19th century, Paris has been known as Paname ([panam]) in the Parisian slang called argot (Ltspkr.pngMoi j'suis d'Paname, i.e. "I'm from Paname"). The singer Renaud repopularized the term amongst the young generation[50] with his 1976 album Amoureux de Paname ("In love with Paname").
Paris has many nicknames, but its most famous is "La Ville-Lumière" ("The City of Light" or "The Illuminated City"), a name it owes first to its fame as a centre of education and ideas during the Age of Enlightenment, and later to its early adoption of street lighting.
Paris' inhabitants are known in English as "Parisians" and in French as Parisiens ([paʁizjɛ̃] ( listen)). Parisians are often pejoratively called Parigots ([paʁiɡo] ( listen)), a term first used in 1900 by those living outside the Paris region, but now the term may be considered endearing by Parisians themselves.
Geography
Paris seen from Spot Satellite
Main article: Topography of Paris
Paris is located in the north-bending arc of the river Seine and includes two islands, the Île Saint-Louis and the larger Île de la Cité, which form the oldest part of the city. Overall, the city is relatively flat, and the lowest elevation is 35 m (115 ft) above sea level. Paris has several prominent hills, of which the highest is Montmartre at 130 m (427 ft).
Paris, excluding the outlying parks of Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes, covers an oval measuring 86.928 km2 (34 sq mi) in area.[citation needed] The city's last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 not only gave it its modern form but created the twenty clockwise-spiralling arrondissements (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of 78 km2 (30 sq mi), the city limits were expanded marginally to 86.9 km2 (34 sq mi) in the 1920s. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes forest parks were officially annexed to the city, bringing its area to the present 105.39 km2 (41 sq mi).
Climate
Paris has a typical Western European oceanic climate which is affected by the North Atlantic Current. Over the year, Paris' climate can be described as mild and moderately wet.
Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures hovering between 15 and 25°C, and a fair amount of sunshine. Each year, however, there are a couple of days where the temperature rises above 32 °C (90 °F). Some years have even witnessed some long periods of harsh summer weather, such as the heat wave of 2003 where temperatures exceeded 30 °C (86 °F) for weeks, surged up to 40 °C (104 °F) on some days and seldom cooled down at night. More recently, the average temperature for July 2010 has been +21°C, with an average minimum temperature of 16° and an average maximum temperature of 27°C
Spring and autumn have, on average, mild days and fresh nights, but are changing and unstable. Surprisingly warm or cool weather happens frequently in both seasons.
In Winter, sunshine is scarce; days are cool but generally above freezing with temperatures around 7°C. Light night frosts are however quite common, but the temperature will dip below −5 °C (23 °F) for only a few of days a year. Snowfall is rare, but the city sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation. Recently, notably in 2009 and 2010, cold waves brought repeated heavy snowfall (15 in 2010) and temperatures plummeting to −10 °C (14 °F) and −20 °C (−4 °F) in the Paris suburbs.Rain falls throughout the year, and although Paris is not a very rainy city, it is known for heavy sudden showers. Average annual precipitation is 652 mm (25.7 in) with light rainfall fairly distributed throughout the year. The highest recorded temperature is 40.4 °C (105 °F) on 28 July 1948, and the lowest is a −23.9 °C (−11 °F) on 10 December 1879.
Climate data for Paris (1971-2000)
Cityscape
Panoramic view over the western side of Paris, at dusk, from the top of the Tour Montparnasse.
Architecture
Place Vendôme.
Much of contemporary Paris is the result of the vast mid-nineteenth century urban remodelling. For centuries, the city had been a labyrinth of narrow streets and half-timber houses, but, beginning iire quarters to make way for wide avenues lined with neo-classical stone buildings of bourgeoisie standing. Most of this 'new' Paris is the Paris we see today. The building code has seen few changes since, and the Second Empire plans are in many cases still followed. The "alignement" law is still in place, which regulates building facades of new constructions according to a pre-defined street width. A building's height is limited according to the width of the streets it lines, and under the regulation, it is difficult to get an approval to build a taller building.
Many of Paris's important institutions are located outside the city limits. The financial (La Défense) business district, the main food wholesale market (Rungis), schools (École Polytechnique, HEC, ESSEC, INSEAD), research laboratories (in Saclay or Évry), the largest stadium (the Stade de France), and government offices (Ministry of Transportation) are located in the city's suburbs.
[edit] Districts and historical centres
Place de la Concorde.
The Sacré-Cœur Basilica.
Galeries Lafayette department store in boulevard Haussmann during Christmas
Main article: Paris districts
City of Paris
* Place de la Bastille (4th, 11th and 12th arrondissements, right bank) is a district of great historical significance, not only for Paris, but for France, too. Because of its symbolic value, the square has often been a site of political demonstrations.
* Champs-Élysées (8th arrondissement, right bank) is a seventeenth century garden-promenade-turned-avenue connecting the Concorde and Arc de Triomphe. It is one of the many tourist attractions and a major shopping street of Paris.
* Place de la Concorde (8th arrondissement, right bank) is at the foot of the Champs-Élysées, built as the "Place Louis XV", site of the infamous guillotine. The Egyptian obelisk is Paris' "oldest monument". On this place, on either side of the Rue Royale, there are two identical stone buildings: The eastern one houses the French Naval Ministry, the western the luxurious Hôtel de Crillon. Nearby Place Vendôme is famous for its fashionable and deluxe hotels (Hôtel Ritz and Hôtel de Vendôme) and its jewellers. Many famous fashion designers have had their salons in the square.
* Les Halles (1st arrondissement, right bank) was formerly Paris' central meat and produce market, and, since the late 1970s, a major shopping centre around an important metro connection station (Châtelet-Les Halles, the biggest in the World). The past Les Halles was destroyed in 1971 and replaced by the Forum des Halles. The central market of Paris, the biggest wholesale food market in the world, was transferred to Rungis, in the southern suburbs.
* Le Marais (3rd and 4th arrondissements) is a trendy Right Bank district. It is architecturally very well-preserved, and some of the oldest houses and buildings of Paris can be found there. It is a very culturally open place. It is also known for its Chinese, Jewish and gay communities.
* Avenue Montaigne (8th arrondissement), next to the Champs-Élysées, is home to luxury brand labels such as Chanel, Louis Vuitton (LVMH), Dior and Givenchy.
* Montmartre (18th arrondissement, right bank) is a historic area on the Butte, home to the Basilique du Sacré-Cœur. Montmartre has always had a history with artists and has many studios and cafés of many great artists in that area.
* Montparnasse (14th arrondissement) is a historic Left Bank area famous for artists' studios, music halls, and café life. The large Montparnasse - Bienvenüe métro station and the lone Tour Montparnasse skyscraper are located there.
* Avenue de l'Opéra (9th arrondissement, right bank) is the area around the Opéra Garnier and the location of the capital's densest concentration of both department stores and offices. A few examples are the Printemps and Galeries Lafayette grands magasins (department stores), and the Paris headquarters of financial giants such as BNP Paribas and American Express.
* Quartier Latin (5th and 6th arrondissements, left bank) is a twelfth-century scholastic centre formerly stretching between the Left Bank's Place Maubert and the Sorbonne campus. It is known for its lively atmosphere and many bistros. Various higher-education establishments, such as Sciences Po Paris, the École Normale Supérieure, TELECOM ParisTech, and the Jussieu university campus, make it a major educational centre in Paris.
* Faubourg Saint-Honoré (8th arrondissement, right bank) is one of Paris' high-fashion districts, home to labels such as Hermès and Christian Lacroix.
Avenue des Champs-Élysées at Christmas 2008.
In the Paris area * La Défense (straddling the communes of Courbevoie, Puteaux, and Nanterre, 2.5 km (2 mi) west of the city proper) is a key suburb of Paris and is one of the largest business centres in the world. Built at the western end of a westward extension of Paris' historical axis from the Champs-Élysées, La Défense consists mainly of business high-rises. Initiated by the French government in 1958, the district hosts 3,500,000 m2 (37,673,686 sq ft) of offices, making it the largest district in Europe specifically developed for business. The Grande Arche (Great Arch) of la Défense, which houses a part of the French Transports Minister's headquarters, ends the central Esplanade, around which the district is organised.
Val de Seine
* Plaine Saint-Denis (straddling the communes of Saint-Denis, Aubervilliers, and Saint-Ouen, immediately north of the 18th arrondissement, across the Périphérique ring road) is a former derelict manufacturing area that has undergone large-scale urban renewal in the last 10 years. It now hosts the Stade de France, around which is being built the new business district of LandyFrance, with two RER stations (on RER line B and D) and possibly some skyscrapers. In the Plaine Saint-Denis are also located most of France's television studios as well as some major movie studios.
* Val de Seine (straddling the 15th arrondissement and the communes of Issy-les-Moulineaux and Boulogne-Billancourt to the south-west of central Paris) is the new media hub of Paris and France, hosting the headquarters of most of France's TV networks (TF1 in Boulogne-Billancourt, France 2 in the 15th arrondissement, Canal+ and the international channels France 24 and Eurosport in Issy-les-Moulineaux), as well as several telecommunication and IT companies such as Neuf Cegetel in Boulogne-Billancourt or Microsoft's Europe, Africa & Middle East regional headquarters in Issy-les-Moulineaux.
Monuments and landmarks
Main article: List of visitor attractions in Paris
Panorama of Paris which shows some of its landmarks
Three of the most famous Parisian landmarks are the twelfth-century cathedral Notre Dame de Paris on the Île de la Cité, the Napoleonic Arc de Triomphe and the nineteenth-century Eiffel Tower. The Eiffel Tower was a "temporary" construction by Gustave Eiffel for the 1889 Universal Exposition, but the tower was never dismantled and is now an enduring symbol of Paris. The Historical axis is a line of monuments, buildings, and thoroughfares that run in a roughly straight line from the city-centre westwards: The line of monuments begins with the Louvre and continues through the Tuileries Gardens, the Champs-Élysées, and the Arc de Triomphe, centred in the Place de l'Étoile circus. From the 1960s, the line was prolonged even further west to the La Défense business district dominated by square-shaped triumphal Grande Arche of its own; this district hosts most of the tallest skyscrapers in the Paris urban area. The Invalides museum is the burial place for many great French soldiers, including Napoleon, and the Panthéon church is where many of France's illustrious men and women are buried. The former Conciergerie prison held some prominent Ancien Régime members before their deaths during the French Revolution. Another symbol of the Revolution are the two Statues of Liberty located on the Île des Cygnes on the Seine and in the Luxembourg Garden. A larger version of the statues was sent as a gift from France to America in 1886 and now stands in New York City's harbour. The Palais Garnier, built in the later Second Empire period, houses the Paris Opera and the Paris Opera Ballet, while the former palace of the Louvre now houses one of the most renowned museums in the world. The Sorbonne is the most famous part of the University of Paris and is based in the centre of the Latin Quarter. Apart from Notre Dame de Paris, there are several other ecclesiastical masterpieces including the Gothic thirteenth-century Sainte-Chapelle palace chapel and the Église de la Madeleine.
Parks and gardens
Main article: List of parks and gardens in Paris
Jardin du Luxembourg.
Two of Paris' oldest and famous gardens are the Tuileries Garden, created in the 16th century for a palace on the banks of the Seine near the Louvre, and the Left bank Luxembourg Garden, another former private garden belonging to a château built for the Marie de' Medici in 1612. The Jardin des Plantes, created by Louis XIII's doctor Guy de La Brosse for the cultivation of medicinal plants, was Paris' first public garden.
A few of Paris' other large gardens are Second Empire creations: The former suburban parks of Montsouris, Parc des Buttes Chaumont, and Parc Monceau (formerly known as the "folie de Chartres") are creations of Napoleon III's engineer Jean-Charles Alphand. Another project executed under the orders of Baron Haussmann was the re-sculpting of Paris' western Bois de Boulogne forest-parklands; the Bois de Vincennes, on the city's opposite eastern end, received a similar treatment in years following.
Newer additions to Paris' park landscape are the Parc de la Villette, built by the architect Bernard Tschumi on the location of Paris' former slaughterhouses, the Parc André Citroën, and gardens being laid to the periphery along the traces of its former circular "Petite Ceinture" railway line: Promenade Plantée.
Water and sanitation
Canal Saint-Martin.
Paris in its early history had only the Seine and Bièvre rivers for water. Later forms of irrigation were a first-century Roman aqueduct from southerly Wissous (later left to ruin); sources from the Right bank hills from the late 11th century; from the fifteenth century, an aqueduct built roughly along the path of the abandoned Wissous aqueduct; and, from 1809, the canal de l'Ourcq, providing Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the northeast of the capital, and "God's Tears", a bi-annual rainstorm, which stopped in the early 20th century for a natural phenomenon. Paris would have its first constant and plentiful source of drinkable water only from the late 19th century: From 1857, the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand, under Napoleon III's Préfet Haussmann, oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought sources from locations all around the city to several reservoirs built atop the Capital's highest points of elevation. From then on, the new reservoir system became Paris' principal source of drinking water, and the remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then used for the cleaning of Paris' streets. This system is still a major part of Paris' modern water supply network.
Paris has over 2,400 km of underground passageways[58] dedicated to the evacuation of Paris' liquid wastes. Most of these date from the late 19th century, a result of the combined plans of the Préfet Baron Haussmann and the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand to improve the then-very unsanitary conditions in the Capital. Maintained by a round-the-clock service since their construction, only a small percentage of Paris' sewer réseau has needed complete renovation.
In 1982, then mayor Jacques Chirac introduced the motorcycle-mounted Motocrotte to remove dog faeces from Paris streets.[59] The project was abandoned in 2002 for a new and better enforced local law which now fines dog owners up to Euros 500 for not removing their dog faeces. It was estimated at the time of their removal, that the fleet of 70 Motocrottes were only cleaning-up 20% of dog faeces on Parisian streets, for an annual cost of £3million.
Cemeteries
The Catacombs
Paris' main cemetery was located to its outskirts on its Left Bank from the beginning of its history[citation needed], but this changed with the rise of Catholicism and the construction of churches towards the city-centre, many of them having adjoining burial grounds for use by their parishes. Generations of a growing city population soon filled these cemeteries to overflowing, creating sometimes very unsanitary conditions: Condemned from 1786, the contents of all Paris' parish cemeteries were transferred to a renovated section of Paris' then suburban stone mines outside the Left Bank "Porte d'Enfer" city gate (today 14th arrondissement's place Denfert-Rochereau). After a tentative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, Napoleon Bonaparte provided a more definitive solution in the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries to the outside of the city tax wall named Wall of the Farmers-General ; Open from 1804, these were the cemeteries of Père Lachaise, Montmartre, Montparnasse, and later Passy.
When Paris annexed all communes to the inside of its much larger ring of suburban fortifications in 1860, its cemeteries were once again within its city walls. New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century: The largest of these are the Cimetière Parisien de Saint-Ouen[disambiguation needed], the Cimetière Parisien de Bobigny-Pantin, the Cimetière Parisien d'Ivry[disambiguation needed], and the Cimetière Parisien de Bagneux[disambiguation needed].
Culture
Main article: Culture of Paris
Entertainment and performing arts
See also: List of films set in Paris
The Opéra Garnier.
Largest opera houses of Paris are the nineteenth century Opéra Garnier (historical Paris Opéra) and modern Opéra Bastille; the former tends towards the more classic ballets and operas, and the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern. In middle of 19th century, there were active two other competing opera houses: Opéra-Comique (which still exists to this day) and Théâtre Lyrique (which in modern times changed its profile and name to Théâtre de la Ville).
Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture. This still holds true today; and many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. Some of Paris' major theatres include Bobino, Théâtre Mogador, and the Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse. Some Parisian theatres have also doubled as concert halls. Many of France's greatest musical legends, such as Édith Piaf, Maurice Chevalier, Georges Brassens, and Charles Aznavour, found their fame in Parisian concert halls: Legendary yet still-showing examples of these are Le Lido, Bobino, l'Olympia and le Splendid.
The Élysées-Montmartre, much reduced from its original size, is a concert hall today. The New Morning is one of few Parisian clubs still holding jazz concerts, but the same also specialises in 'indie' music. In more recent times, the Le Zénith hall in Paris, La Villette quarter and a "parc-omnisports" stadium in Bercy serve as large-scale rock concert halls.
Several yearly festivals take place in Paris, such as Rock en Seine.
Parisians tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of the world's global cities, that is to say with a dominance of Hollywood-generated film entertainment. French cinema comes a close second, with major directors (réalisateurs) such as Claude Lelouch, François Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard, Claude Chabrol, and Luc Besson, and the more slapstick/popular genre with director Claude Zidi as an example. European and Asian films are also widely shown and appreciated. A specialty of Paris is its very large network of small movie theatres: on a given week, the movie fan has the choice between around 300 old or new movies from all over the world.
Many of Paris' concert/dance halls were transformed into movie theatres when the media became popular from the 1930s. Later, most of the largest cinemas were divided into multiple, smaller rooms: Paris' largest cinema today is by far le Grand Rex theatre with 2,800 seats, whereas other cinemas all have fewer than 1,000 seats. There is now a trend toward modern multiplexes that contain more than 10 or 20 screens.
Cuisine
The Les Deux Magots cafe.
See also: French Cuisine
Paris' culinary reputation has its base in the diverse origins of its inhabitants. In its beginnings, it owed much to the 19th-century organisation of a railway system that had Paris as a centre, making the capital a focal point for immigration from France's many different regions and gastronomical cultures. This reputation continues through today in a cultural diversity that has since spread to a worldwide level thanks to Paris' continued reputation for culinary finesse and further immigration from increasingly distant climes.
Hotels were another result of widespread travel and tourism, especially Paris' late-19th-century Expositions Universelles (World's Fairs). Of the most luxurious of these, the Hôtel Ritz, appeared in the Place Vendôme from 1898, and the Hôtel de Crillon opened its doors on the north side of the place de la Concorde from 1909.
Tourism
Paris, Banks of the Seine*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
DSC00733 Notre Dame Paris from east.jpg
Notre Dame de Paris on the Île de la Cité, on the River Seine.
Type Cultural
Criteria i, ii, iv
Reference 600
Region** Europe and North America
Inscription history
Inscription 1991 (15th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List.
** Region as classified by UNESCO.
Main article: List of museums in Paris
Since 1848, Paris is a popular destination by rail network, with Paris at its centre. Among Paris' first mass attractions drawing international interest were the above-mentioned Expositions Universelles that were the origin of Paris' many monuments, namely the Eiffel Tower from 1889. These, in addition to the capital's Second Empire embellishments, did much to make the city itself the attraction it is today.
Paris' museums and monuments are among its highest-esteemed attractions; tourism has motivated both the city and national governments to create new ones. The city's most prized museum, the Louvre, welcomes over 8 million visitors a year, being by far the world's most-visited art museum. The city's cathedrals are another main attraction: Notre Dame de Paris and the Basilique du Sacré-Coeur receive 12 million and eight million visitors, respectively. The Eiffel Tower, by far Paris' most famous monument, averages over six million visitors per year and more than 200 million since its construction. Disneyland Paris is a major tourist attraction not only for visitors to Paris but for visitors to the rest of Europe as well, with 14.5 million visitors in 2007.
The Louvre is one of the largest and most famous museums, housing many works of art, including the Mona Lisa (La Joconde) and the Venus de Milo statue. Works by Pablo Picasso and Auguste Rodin are found in Musée Picasso and Musée Rodin, respectively, while the artistic community of Montparnasse is chronicled at the Musée du Montparnass